mocks - education policies Flashcards
timetable
1944 Butler Education Act
1965 Comprehensives
1979-97 New Right Policy (Conservative) (Education Reform Act)
1997-2010 New Labour (specialist schools)
2010-2015 Coalition (privatisation of education) (free schools)
present (globalisation of education)
1944 Butler Education Act
tripartite system
selective education (put power in schools hands)
aimed to increase equality of opportunity
(11+ exam to get into secondary modern, technical school, grammer school) (11+ exam has 3 sections English maths and general intelligence - selecting students by ability) BUT some pupils late developers, benefits MC (afford tutors), difficulties in measuring ability using IQ tests as they only measure 1 aspect, tests culturally biased (elaborate code), cause lower self esteem
Secondary moderns: negative stigma (those who fail 11+ get a negative self-fulfilling prophecy) - teachers paid less (less motivated and qualified) - poorer sources and facilities due to lack of income
1965 Comprehensives
Labour replaced tripartite system with school attended by all regardless of ability
aim increase equality of opportunity
schooling dependent on catchment area - MC areas get MC comprehensives because prices increase so only MC can afford to live there (selection by mortage)
1979-1997 New Right (conservative)
aims raise standards, make schools accountable, create competition, give parents greater choice, produce skilled workers
Vocational Education (BTEC’s): combat unemployment and skills crisis,
Education Reform Act: national curriculum, league tables, OFSTED, open enrolment, national testing
Formula Funding: schools receive ‘figure per head’, compete for funding
+ greater choice for parents as better informed + compare schools easily, creates competition amongst schools which increases standards, standardisation everyone learns same things, schools held accountable so teachers pushed to get better results
- national curriculum leads to focus being on limited subjects, league tables + OFSTED reports create sink schools, schools become exam factories (teach to test, pressure on students), competition leads to cream skimming (selecting high achievement students from top/silt shifting avoids WC pupils), off-rolling (pupils not performing are asked to leave school so bad results don’t appear on school)
1979-1997 New Right (conservative) - national curriculum
statutory requirement for schools to teach specific topics
1979-1997 New Right (conservative) - league table
rank schools performance of students
1979-1997 New Right (conservative) - OFSTED
gives a word rating of schools based on inspection
1979-1997 New Right (conservative) - national testing
tests students knowledge + understanding in nationwide exams
1979-1997 New Right (conservative) - open enrollment
anyone can apply for any school irrespective of where you live
1997-2010 New Labour
led by Blair and Brown
aims: raise standards of education, increase diversity and choice within education, improve equality of opportunity by supporting those who are not succeeding
raise standards: reduce class sizes to under 30, raise leaving age (better qualified), after school homework club (material deprivation, more productive), literacy + numeracy hours in primary school (improve key skills), Education Maintenance Allowance (up to £30 a week if you come for WC background to stay at school to increase stay on rate instant gratification)
Specialist Schools: specialise in 1 skill, rejects idea of ‘one size fits all’, increase diversity and parental choice
Increasing Equality of Opportunity: Sure Start (children centres that improve outcomes for young disadvantages children), Excellence in Cities (targeting deprived areas, schools given extra funding to boost achievement + provide programs for gifted + talented pupils)
Higher Education: increase number and range of students, loans and bursaries for less affluent students
- benefits MC, inequalities still exist as WC underachieve
Privatisation of Education
Academies (WhiteHaven Academy)
Free schools
Goves Reforms
Compensating for Disadvantage
Privatisation of Education (Academies)
independent, state-funded schools, money directly from government (freedom), daily running overseen by charitable bodies called ‘academy trusts’, more control (pay, length of day, curriculum) but are accountable to a sponsor
+ increase standards, more freedom, can opt out of national curriculum, allegedly improve twice as fast as other state schools
- can narrow curriculum, schools can be motivated by profit, private companies ‘cherry pick’ best schools
Privatisation of Education - free schools
opened by anyone
funded by government, run by a non-profit charity trust
more control over pay + staff conditions, lengths of terms/days, ethos + curriculum, admission policies + appeals
e.g. Maharishi Free School (meditation + yoga as part of school day - consciousness based education)
e.g. Michaela (highest performing school in the country)
Privatisation of Education - Goves Reforms
a rigorous + traditional curriculum
toughened A-levels by removing modular exams (all exams at end of Year 13)
introduced English Baccalaureate made up of academic subjects
curriculum focused on traditional content and learning styles
degraded status of vocational education
Privatisation of Education - Compensating for Disadvantage
Pupil Premium providing extra resources to school for students eligible for Free School Meals or from low income families
replaced EMA with 16-19 bursary
higher education: raised repayment threshold for tuition fees to over £21,000 and all debts wiped after 30 years
