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Manual Therapy Exam > The Manual > Flashcards

The Manual Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine: location and function

A

Location:
- Motor cortex, basal ganglia, mm synapse, autonomic synapse

Function:
- Excitatory except in the parasympathetic system where it is inhibitory

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2
Q

Norepinephrine: location and function

A

Location:
- brainstem and hypothalamus

function:
- excitatory and inhibitory in the CNS. Controls mood, and mind activity; in the PNS it excites or inhibits various end organs

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3
Q

Dopamine: location and function

A

Location:
- basal ganglia

Function:
- inhibitory

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4
Q

Glycine: location and function

A

Location:
SC synapses

Function:
- inhibitory

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5
Q

Glutamate: location and function

A

Location:
- cortex and sensory fibers

Function:
- excitatory

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6
Q

Substance P: location and function

A

Location:
- pain fibers terminals in SC

Function:
- excitatory

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7
Q

Enkelphalins: location and function

A

Location:
- Thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, SC

Function:
- excitatory on pain inhibitory system

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8
Q

Serotonin pathway: location and function

A

Location:
- brainstem and spinal cord

Function:
Inhibitory on pain

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9
Q

8 common neurotransmitters in the body

A
  • acetylcholine
  • norepinephrine
  • Dopamine
  • Glycine
  • Substance P
  • Enkelphalins
  • Serotonin Pathways
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10
Q

What are the 5 types of sensory receptors?

A
  • mechano
  • thermo
  • chemo
  • electromagnetic
  • noci
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11
Q

What are the 8 types of mechanoreceptors?

A
  • Free
  • Meissner’s Corpuscle
  • Hair end organ
  • Ruffini’s end-organ
  • Pacicnian corpuscle
  • muscle spindle: annulospinal endings
  • mm spindle: flower splay ending
  • GTO
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12
Q

Free mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?

A

Location: skin

Function: Touch, pressure, itch, tickle

Nerve: C

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13
Q

Meissner’s mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?

A

Location: non hairy skin
Function: Exact location/ texture
Type: A-alpha

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14
Q

Hair end-organ mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?

A

Location: skin

Function: continuous touch

Nerve: A-alpha

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15
Q

Ruffini’s end-organ mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?

A

Location: deep skin and joint capsule

Function: continuous states of deformation

Nerve: A-alpha

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16
Q

Pacicnian mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?

A

Location: skin and deep fascia

Function: very rapid movement and vibration

Nerve: A-alpha

17
Q

Mm spindle: Annulospinal mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?

A

Location: mm
Function: dynamic and static posture changes
Nerve: Type Ia

18
Q

Mm spindle: flower splay mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?

A

Location: mm

Function: static posture changes

Nerve: type 2

19
Q

GTO mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?

A

Location: tendon

Function: tension in mm unit

Nerve: type Ib

20
Q

What is the neural pathway for A-delta and C fibres?

A

Transmit signal to the spinal cord where it ascends or descends a few levels in the “Tract of Lissauer” to terminate in laminae 1,2,3.

  • signal then enters ascending thermal fibres that cross the cord to the lateral division of the Anterolateral tract to terminate in the reticular areas, the thalamus and the sensory cortex
21
Q

How is pain modulated in gate control theory?

A

Based on the proportion of input from the large A-beta fibres and small C fibres and A-delta fibres.

The gate is closed by:

  • decreasing A-delta input by removing chemical or physical irritant
  • decreasing C-fibre input by altering movement, tactile input or modalities
  • increasing large fibre input
22
Q

What are the 3 main components of Central modulation/ descending control of pain?

A

1) Periaquaductal Gray Area (PAG):
- signal sent down to SC pain inhibitory complex in dorsal horn
- releases opioids, serotonin, noradrenalin

2) a city/depression
3) respiratory patterns

23
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Afferent fibres from separate regions converge on common neurons in CNS causing activation

  • segmental convergence = spinal cord neurons
  • central convergence - thalamic nucleus
24
Q

Common visceral Pain referral patterns

A

Heart:
- sternum, base of neck, over the shoulders, pecs, down arms (L>R)
Esophagus:
- pharynx, lower neck, arms, midline chests from the upper to lower sternum
Gastric:
- lower thoracic to upper abdomen
Gall Bladder:
- upper abdomen, lower scapular and thoraco lumbar region
Pancreas:
- upper lumbar or upper abdomen
Kidney:
- upper lumbar, occassionally anterior abdomen
Bladder/ uterus:
- lower abdomen and lumbar

Manual Therapy Exam (5 decks)

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