Anatomy

Question 1

What is Humphrys ligament

Answer 1

Attaches from PCL to lateral meniscus

Question 2

What tendon passes between LCL and lateral meniscus

Answer 2

Popliteal tendon

Question 3

What type of cartilage lines the knee joint?

Answer 3

Hyaline for the synovial bi-condylar joint

Question 4

Classify the 3 types of synovial joints

Answer 4

Simple:
- one pair of articulating surfaces. Usually concave and convex

Compound:
- more than one articulating pair in single capsule, neither will articulate with surface of the other

Complex:
- had an articular disc

Question 5

Differentiate between closed and open pack position and their clinical significance.

Answer 5

Closed:
- most stable, not for mobilization, position for lig testing, # position

Open:
- position for acute sprains, splints mobilizations/ distraction

Question 6

Special questions for C-spine Ax

Answer 6

5D’s, 3N’s, RA (CV lig instability) URTI, cord signs (neck position and signs and symptoms)

Question 7

Special questions for T-spine Ax

Answer 7

• lifting, eating, breathing, cough/sneezing

Question 8

Special questions for L-spine

Answer 8

B&B, saddle paresthesia, cough/sneeze

Question 9

Mandatory Red Flag questions

Answer 9

• bilateral/quadrilateral paresthesia (SC syndrome)
• hemiparesis (CNS dysfunction)
• hemiparesis + facial paresthesia ( brain stem in fact)
• dizzy, vertigo, drop attack (vertebrobasilar)
• loss of consciousness
• changes in hearing vision and speech (brain stem infarct)
• changes in bowel and bladder (cause equina)
• traumatic MOI (verte artery, Cv ligs)

Question 10

What is Hoffmans reflex?

Answer 10

• Flick of 3rd finger produces opposition of index and thumb
• positive = CST damage

Question 11

What is the Openheimer test

Answer 11

• noxious stimulus to tibial crest

- positive = damage to pyramidal tract

Question 12

What is fibromyalgia?

Answer 12

Non articular rheumatism with diffuse MSK aches/stiffness w/ exaggerated tender point
- traps, pec, glutes, greater trochanter, medial fat pad of knee

Tx:
- sleep, exercise, anti-depressants, education

Question 13

What is myofascial pain syndrome

Answer 13

On palpating causes referred pain and autonomic phenomena

• Stiffness/pain due to taut bands not allowing for stretch, usually unilateral, may be weak

Tx: Heat, ROM, ischemic pressure, IMS

Question 14

What is polymyositis?

Answer 14

• diffuse inflammation of striated muscle, primarily of shoulder and pelvis
• Variable pattern of onset of proximal muscle/throat weakness

Question 15

What is myasthenia gravis

Answer 15

autoimmune disease marked by muscular weakness without atrophy, and caused by a defect in the action of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions.

Question 16

What is Duchenes muscular dystrophy

Answer 16

Duchenne’s: early childhood, increasing weakness, pseudo- hypertrophy of muscles, followed by atrophy resulting in swaying gait with legs kept wide apart

Growlers sign

Question 17

Myotonic muscular dystrophy

Answer 17

Myotonic: Hereditary, muscle membrane pathology. Muscle atrophy esp. neck/ face, cataracts, hypogonadism, frontal balding, cardiac disord

Question 18

Discuss MS

Answer 18

85% have optic neuritis, presents as pins/needles in hands/feet w/ hx or relapse/remissions, 20-40 yo

• Affects membranes of motor axons, sclerotic plaques on myelin sheaths

Question 19

Differentiate acute and chronic compartment syndrome

Answer 19

Acute: direct blow involving brachial artery.
Chronic: repetitive UE exercise

• Acute: swelling, pain, discoloration, decreased pulse, sensory alteration
• Chronic: pain, numbness, sx, cease when exercise stops

Acute: surgery
Chronic: rest, correct training errors, alignment, balance, flexibility, NSAIDs

Question 20

Capsular pattern of the shoulder

Answer 20

Greater loss of:

ER>Abd> IR

Question 21

Capsular pattern of the wrist

Answer 21

Equal flexion and extension loss

Question 22

Capsular pattern of 1st CMC

Answer 22

• abduction and extension

Question 23

Capsular pattern of the hip

Answer 23

IR > Abd > extn

Question 24

Capsular pattern of 1st MTP

Answer 24

Extension > flexion

Question 25

What are the 3 phases of healing

Answer 25

1) inflammation (1-4 days)
2) Proliferation (4-15 days)
3) Remodeling (15 day 6 months)

Question 26

What is the function of the inflammatory phase of healing

Answer 26

Function: restore homeostasis. Neutralize and destroy toxic agents (neutrophils, monocytes) by release of chemical mediators that increases local blood flow. Death of cell releases lysosome, activating healing process beginning with platelets and mast cells. Platelets helps forms fibrin which forms the clot (to hold wound together and to provide protection against foreign material) but has low tensile strength.

Question 27

Where is the posterior oblique ligament

Answer 27

Attaches the PCL to the lateral meniscus