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Male and Female infertility > The male reproductive system > Flashcards

The male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different parts of the urethra

A
  • Prostatic urethra
  • Membranous urethra
  • Spongy urethra (penile)
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2
Q

What does the spongy urethra go through

A

Corpus spongiosum

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3
Q

Function of testes

A

Production and temporary storage of sperm

Synthesis and secretion of: testosterone, oestrogen, action, inhibin, oxytocin

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4
Q

What are the layers of the testes

A

Skin
Dartos muscle
Tunica vaginalis

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5
Q

What is the role of the tunica albuginea

A

Splits testes into fibrous lobules (each of which contain 1-4 coiled seminiferous tubules)

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6
Q

What are the 2 compartments in the seminiferous tubules

A

Tubular and extra-tubular (endocrine)

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7
Q

Where do Leydig cells lie

A

In interstitial spaces between seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

What receptors are on Leydig cells and what does this do

A

LH receptors, LH stimulation leads to synthesis of testosterone and oxytocin which enter tubules and neighbouring blood vessels

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9
Q

What do Sertoli cells do

A

Have cytoplasmic extensions which help form a meshwork with tight junctions between adjacenct cells. This is the Blood-testis Barrier. Tight junctions form a fence between the basal and adlumenal spaces

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10
Q

What reside in the basal compartment

A

Stem cells of spermatogonia

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11
Q

What happens in the adlumenal compartment

A

Upon release of spermatogonium, spermatocytes underrates undergo spermatogenesis

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12
Q

What happens in luminal compartment

A

Spermatids are found on luminal surface. Fully formed Spermatozoa are found in lumen of seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

What is movement like in tight junctions

A

Only unidirectional movement of germ cells are allowed through the tight junctions. Tight junctions are open transiently and allow spermatogonia to enter the adlumenal compartment. Spermatozoa or spermatocytes cannot leak back out to basal compartment

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14
Q

What else do Sertoli cells do

A

Actively secrete molecules and nutrients into the adlumenal compartment for developing sperm

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15
Q

What is spermiogenesis

A

Packaging of chromosomes for effective delivery to the oocyte. Formation of head, neck and tail, loss of cytoplasm

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16
Q

Process of spermatogenesis

A

1) formation of acrosome close to nucleus. Has enzymes needed for fertilisation and also creates polarity of cell
2) Nuclear elongation. Anterior pole has acrosome, posterior pole has developing flagella to make tail
3) cytoplasm migrates to posterior part of cell, Excess cytoplasm pinched off so head contains nucleus only
4) mitochondria in neck

17
Q

How is spermatogenesis stimulated

A

High levels of testosterone needed

  • LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone which binds to receptors on Sertolili cells
  • Testosterone induces receptors for FSH on Sertoli cells
  • FSH from pituitary now stimulates Sertoli cells to produce androgen binding protein which binds and carries testosterone in testicular fluid to the entire ductal system

0 Sertoli cells also produce inhibin which is part of a negative feedback loop. It inhibits FSH production by pituitary gland

In absence of FSH, and LH spermatogenesis does not occur

18
Q

What are rete testis

A

Network of channels into which fluid and spermatozoa form seminiferous tubules empty

19
Q

What are rete testes lined with

A

Simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelial cells

20
Q

What is the epithelium in the epididymis

A

Tall columnar epithelium with asymmetric modified microvilli, Important for absorption.

21
Q

Function of epididymis

A

Absorption of fluid which concentrates sperm and phagocytosis

Secretion of glycoproteins, silica acid, defensin, glycerolphosphocholine (for maturation of spermatozoa)

22
Q

Whatveins surround testicular artery

A

Pampiniform plexus. important for lymph drainage.

Protects vas deferens from overheating by being good at heat exchange

23
Q

Layers of vas deferens

A

3 muscle layers. A fibre-elastic lamina propria and inner epithelium

24
Q

What is vasectomy

A

Ligation of vas deferens. Does not cause fluid accumulation. Sperm build up and are removed by phagocytosis

25
Q

What do seminal vesicles secrete

A

Seminal fluid which contains fructose (for energy), prostaglandins (contraction of smooth muscle in male and female tract), proteins, amino acids, alkaline secretions (to neutralise acid conditions of vagina), fibrinogen (clotting)

26
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland do

A

Produces watery fluid rich in galactose and silica acid. Acts as a lubricant and neutralises acidic urine in urethra and vaginal fluids. Precedes semen during emission

27
Q

Role of Helicine vessels and where do they arise from

A

Arise From deep arteries supply the erectile tissue

In flaccid states they are coiled restricting blood flow. During erection they straighten and dilate

28
Q

Arterial supply of corpora cavernosa

A

Internal pudendal artery gives rise to bulbourethral artery, cavernous artery and dorsal artery supplying glans penis.

29
Q

What does the cavernous artery lead to

A

Helicine arteries that opens into Cavernous spaces/ vascular sinusoids

30
Q

What does blood return through the venous system to

A

Deep dorsal vein

31
Q

What is there an astomosis between the central artery with

A

Deep dorsal vein (arteriovenous anastomosis)

32
Q

What is penis like in flaccid state

A

Sinusoidal smooth muscle fibres remain contracted and blood flows from the internal pudendal arteries via central deep artery and helicine arteries to vascular cavernous spaces and out through the open emissary veins. Low volume, low pressure
AV anastomosis between central artery and deep dorsal vein helps shunt blood from artery to vein

33
Q

What is penis liken erect state

A

Closure of arterio-venous shunts, more blood flows into Helicine arteries which straighten and dilate, Smooth muscle of sinusoids relax, blood flows into the enlarged lacunar spaces. The resultant pressure compresses the emissary veins, reducing venous outflow. Large volume, high pressure. (Veno-occlusive function)

34
Q

Venous drainage of corpora cavernosa

A 
Post cavernous venues 
Sub-albugineal venous plexus
Emissary veins 
Circumflex veins
Deep dorsal vein
35
Q

Neurotransmitters that cause erectiosn

A

Dopamine
acetylcholine
VIP
Nitric oxide

36
Q

How does nitric oxide cause erection

A

Secretion of NO causes relaxation of smooth muscle, dilation and relaxation of central cavernosal and helicon arteries leads to blood flow into cavernous spaces and veno-occlusion

Male and Female infertility (9 decks)

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