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Male and Female infertility > Puberty, secondary sexual characteristics, menstrual cycle and contraception > Flashcards

Puberty, secondary sexual characteristics, menstrual cycle and contraception Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six major hormones in sexual characteristics

A

GOnadotropin releasing hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

Lutenizing hormone

Oestradiol

Progesterone

Testosterone

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2
Q

Where is gonadotropin releasing hormone formed

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

Where is follicle stimulating hormone made

A

Anterior pituitary

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4
Q

Where is lutenizing hormone made

A

Anterior pituitary

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5
Q

Where is oestradiol made and what makes oestrogen

A

Ovary

OEstrogens= oestradiol+oestrone

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6
Q

Where is progesterone made

A

Ovary

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7
Q

Where is testosterone made

A

Testes, adrenal glands, ovary

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8
Q

What hormones are oestradiol and progesterone

A

Steroid hormones

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9
Q

changes occurring in the menstrual cycle involve interplay between what?

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Ovary

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10
Q

What happens in the menstrual cycle on days 0-14

A

GnRH produced in hypothalamus

Stimulates secretion of FSH and LH from pituitary. These act on ovary and stimulate production and secretion of oestradiol from granulosal cells

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11
Q

What does the production of oestradiol cause on days 0-14 of menstrual cycle

A

Causes a negative feedback loop on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus so stop in both LH and FSH (otherwise there would be uncontrolled secretion)

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12
Q

What happens to oestradiol when LH and FSH levels are falling

A

Levels are rising

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13
Q

What does FSH act on and what do they do

A

Granulosal cells of the follicles

-INcrease synthesis of oestradiol

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14
Q

What does LH act on and what does it do

A

Thecal cells of the follicles to produce androgens

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15
Q

What does cholesterol produce

A

Androgens and oestrogen’s and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in the adrenal cortex

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16
Q

What is the common step for all steroid hormones and what does this mean

A

Conversion of cholesterol to pregenelone

-IS the major regulatory stage

17
Q

What is testosterone derived from

A

Estradiol

18
Q

How is oestradiol synthesisesd

A

FSH acts on granulose cells to produce oestrogen however needs help. Comes from the action of LH on thecal cells

LH binds to its receptor in thecal cells and causes cholesterol to produce androstenedione

Only thecal cells contain receptors to LH and granulose cells to FSH in early stages

Granulose cells do not have enzymes to produce androstenedione. Acramatose activity in granulose cells allows androstenedione to form estradiol when FSH binds

19
Q

Why do oestradiol levels rise when FSH levels have dropped

A

Oestrogens bind to receptors in granulosa cells. They are stimulated to proliferate and produce more oestrogen receptors. There is positive feedback- Where oestrogen stimulates further oestrogen output and a surge in circulating oestrogens

20
Q

What does the production of oestradiol allow the new follicle

A

TO develop and grow into the Graafian follicle

21
Q

How does ovulation occur

A

The high oestradiol levels (late follicular phase) act on the pituitary to release more LH

(At mid cycle the negative feedback becomes positive allowing a short surge of LH to be released)

High oestradiol together with FSH cause change in action of LH

There is stimulation of appearance of LH receptors on granulosal cells and there is an increase in progesterone synthesis

There is a release of oocyte (proteolytic activity to breakdown collagen)

22
Q

How is the corpus luteum formed

What is it maintained by

What does it secrete and what does this do

What happens to oestradiol levels

A

Formed from the collapsed follicle

Maintained by LH

Secretes progesterone which maintains endometrium

OEstradiol levels begin to drop because progesterone inhibits oestradiol synthesis

23
Q

What happens in days 14-28 of the menstrual cycle

A

Progesterone causes a decrease in gonadotropin secretion (suppresses GnRH)

FSH and LH levels low (no new follicles develop)

24
Q

What happens if the corpus luteum dies

A

Decrease in progesterone and oestrodiol levels

Increase in FSH and LH levels

Allows new follicles to mature

Onset of maturation

25
Q

How does hormonal contraception work

A

Suppresses ovulation by negative feedback of progesterone on the pituitary and hypothalamus

Decrease in GnRH secretion resulting in low FSH and LH levels- no new follicles develop

26
Q

How does the combined oral contraceptive pill work

What does the oestrogen in this pill do

A

HAs synthetic oestrogen and progesterone

Monocyclic

  • 21 days on (output of GnRH, FSH, LH suppressed)
  • 7 days off (endometrium breaks simulating menstruation)

Oestrogen: exerts an additional negative feedback effect of its own and promotes development of progesterone receptors which renders progesterone in contraceptive more effective

27
Q

How is progesterone Given as contraception

A

Progesterone only pill

Implants containing progesterone

Intra-uterine devices (progesterone-impregnated)

28
Q

Why do menstrual cycles not occur when there is pregnancy

A

High levels of progesterone present

Inhibit secretion of pituitary gonadotrophin

29
Q

Why do menstrual cycles not occur during menopause

A

Ovaries lose the ability to respond to FSH, LH

There are low oestradiol levels

30
Q

How is there onset of puberty

A

Activation of GnRH pulses to anterior pituitary (maturation within CNS)

Increase in LH and FSH

Increase in oestradiol and androgen synthesis

31
Q

What is the maturation of CNS linked to

A

Body weight

32
Q

What do ovarian oestrogens regulate in female puberty

A

Regulate growth of. breasts and female genitalia

33
Q

What do androgens do in female puberty

A

COntrol growth of pubic and axillary hair

34
Q

What do testicular androgens do in male puberty

A

Control development of genitalia and body hair as well as enlargement of larynx and laryngeal muscles

Male and Female infertility (9 decks)

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