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Haematology > The Lymphoid System > Flashcards

The Lymphoid System Flashcards

1
Q

Where do lymphoid cells originate?

A

Haemopoeitic stem cells in the foetal liver or postnatal bone marrow

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2
Q

What are the central (primary) lymphoid tissues?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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3
Q

What are the peripheral (secondary) lymphoid tissues?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, epithelia-lymphoid tissues and bone marrow

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4
Q

Describe lymph nodes

A

Small oval bodies up to 2.5cm in diameter located along the course of lymphatic channels

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5
Q

Describe lymphatic channels

A

Blond-ending vascular channels that collect fluid from tissues and return it to the blood stream. Fluid moves passively but there are valves to ensure the correct direction of flow

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6
Q

How does lymph enter the lymph node?

A

Through the afferent channel in to the peripheral sinus

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7
Q

Where does lymph drain to?

A

Through the efferent vessel to the:
cisterna chyli/ thoracic duct
L. jugular, subclavian or bronchomedial trunks
R. jugular, subclavian or bronchomedial trunks

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8
Q

Where to arterial and venous vessels enter/exit the lymph node?

A

Hilum

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9
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A 
Return lymph to circulation
          Fluid homeostasis
          Prevents oedema
Filter lymph before returning it to circulation
         Cell traffic
         Immunity
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10
Q

Where is lymph filtered/

A

Lymph node parenchyma

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11
Q

What type of immune cells are in the lymph nodes

A 
B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes (helper and killer)
NK cells
Macrophages, antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells
Endothelial cells
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12
Q

What CD codes are for B cells?

A

CD20 and CD79a

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13
Q

What CD codes are for plasma cells?

A

CD138

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14
Q

What CD codes are for T cells?

A

CD3

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15
Q

What CD codes are for T-helper cells?

A

CD4

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16
Q

What CD codes are for T-cytotoxic cells?

A

CD8

17
Q

What CD codes are for NK cells

A

CD56

18
Q

Where in the lymph node are B cells mainly found

A

peripheral follicles

19
Q

Where in the lymph node are T cells mainly found?

A

Centrally

20
Q

What can superficial lymphadenopathy be a sign of?

A

Underlying malignancy

21
Q

What does generalized lymphadenopathy suggest?

A

Systemic inflammatory process or widespread malignancy (lymphoma or leukaemia)

22
Q

What are the causes of lymphadenopathy

A 
Local inflammation (infection, vaccination, trauma)
Systemic inflammation (infection, autoimmune)
Malignancy (haematological, metastatic)
Sarocoidosis, Castlemans disease, drugs
23
Q

Describe the spleen’s size and location

A

High in the LUQ

150-200g

24
Q

Describe the 2 key aspects of the spleen

A

Diaphragmatic surface

Visceral surface- left kidney, gastric fundus, tail of pancreas, splenic flexure of colon

25
Q

What causes splenic rupture

A

Trauma

Disease

26
Q

Describe the structure of the spleen

A

Encapsulated organ

The parenchyma contains white and red pulp

27
Q

What does red pulp contain?

A

Sinusoids and cords

28
Q

Describe splenic sinusoids

A

Fenestrated, lined by endothelial cells and supported by hoops of reticulin

29
Q

Describe splenic cords

A

Contain macrophages, fibroblasts and some cells in transit

30
Q

What is the role of the spleen?

A

Detect, retain and eliminate unwanted/dangerous material

Facilitate immune responses to blood borne antigens

31
Q

What does the white pulp make up?

A

Peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath containing CD4+ lymphoid cells

32
Q

What are the features of splenic enlargement?

A

Dragging sensation in LUQ
Discomfort with eating
Pain if infarction
Hypersplenism

33
Q

What are the 3 features of hypersplenism?

A

Splenomegaly
Fall in one or more cellular components of blood
Correction of cytopenias by splenectomy

34
Q

What are the causes of splenomegaly

A

Infection:- EBV, malaria, TB, brucellosis, leishmaniasis
Portal Congestion:- hepatic cirrohosis, portal/splenic vein thrombosis, cardiac failure
Haematological Disease:- lymphoma/leukemia, haemolytic anaemia, ITP, myeloproliferative disorders
Inflammatory:- RA, SLE
Storage diseases:- Gaucher’s, Niemann-Pick disease
Miscellaneous:- Amyloid, tumours, cysts

35
Q

What are the causes of hyposplenism?

A

Splenectomy, coeliac disease, sickle cell disease, sarcoidosis, iatrogenic

36
Q

What are the red cell features of hyposplenism?

A

Howell-Jolly Bodies

Other abnormalities

Haematology (5 decks)

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