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Anatomy II > The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

A state of equilibrium within the body with respect to the functions and composition of fluids and tissues

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease producing microbe

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3
Q

What is the lymphatic system responsible for?

A

Our defense against pathogens

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4
Q

What two systems does the lymphatic system work closely with?

A

The cardiovascular system and digestive system

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5
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

An agranular leukocyte involved in immune response

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6
Q

What are two examples of lymphocytes?

A

T cells and B cells

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7
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

An agranular leukocyte that performs phagocytosis in the blood

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8
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

An agranular leukocyte that performs phagocytosis in the tissues

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9
Q

What is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage?

A

A monocyte functions in the blood, when it migrates to the tissues it becomes a macrophage

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10
Q

What is a fibroblast?

A

Contributes to the formation of connective tissues

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11
Q

What is a virus?

A

A non living organism that infects cells and replicates within. It requires a host to survive

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12
Q

What is bacteria?

A

A living organism that does not require a host to survive

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13
Q

What is the difference between a virus and bacteria?

A

Viruses are non living and require a host, and bacteria is living and does not require a host

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14
Q

What are cell identity markers?

A

A type of membrane protein that allows cells to recognize itself vs. foreign cells

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15
Q

What is cytolysis?

A

Destruction of a cell caused by increased fluid. The cell bursts due to the amount of fluid.

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16
Q

What kind of solution does cytolysis occur in?

A

Hypotonic solutions.

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17
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

The self destruction of a cell

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18
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

Functional tissue

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19
Q

What is stroma?

A

Structural tissue

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20
Q

What is lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid that flows within lymphatic vessels

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21
Q

What is lymphatic tissue?

A

Connective tissue with a large quantity of lymphocytes

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22
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Agranular WBCs

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23
Q

What is the difference between lymphatic vessels and small veins?

A

Although similar in structure, lymphatic vessels have thinner walls and more valves

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24
Q

What is found along the tract of lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymph nodes

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25
Q

Where are lymphatic vessels of the skin found?

A

In the subcutaneous layer

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26
Q

What route does the lymphatic vessels of the skin follow?

A

Typically follows the same route as veins

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27
Q

What route does the lymphatic vessels of the viscera follow?

A

Typically follows arteries and form plexuses around them

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28
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries located?

A

In the spaces between the cells

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29
Q

Why do lymphatic capillaries have a greater permeability than blood capillaries?

A

To absorb larger molecules like proteins and lipids

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30
Q

What is different about the structure of lymphatic capillaries than blood capillaries?

A

Closed off at one end, slightly larger in diameter, and a one way structure for the inflow of interstitial fluid

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31
Q

What happens when the pressure of interstitial fluid is higher than in the capillaries?

A

Overlapping endothelial cells separate slightly

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32
Q

What happens when the pressure is higher in the capillaries?

A

The cells adhere more closely

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33
Q

What is attached to lymphatic capillaries?

A

Anchoring filaments

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34
Q

What do anchoring filaments do?

A

Secure the vessels to the surrounding tissue

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35
Q

How do anchoring filaments aid in the flow of interstitial fluid?

A

When there is an increase of interstitial fluid, the anchoring filaments are pulled and create an opening between the endothelial cells, increasing inflow

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36
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that carry dietary lipids into lymphatic vessels

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37
Q

What tissues lack lymphatic capillaries?

A

Avascular tissue, portions of the spleen, and red bone marrow

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38
Q

What are lymph trunks?

A

When lymphatic vessels exit lymph nodes in specific regions of the body they unite to form trunks

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39
Q

What are lymph trunks responsible for?

A

draining lymph from the lymphatic vessels into the venous system

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40
Q

How do lymph trunks return lymph on the right side of the body?

A

Independently drain at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian vein

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41
Q

How do lymph trunks return lymph on the right side of the body?

A

Thoracic duct drains at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian vein

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42
Q

What vein returns lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body?

A

The right brachiocephalic vein

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43
Q

What vein returns lymph from the upper left quadrant and the entire body below the diaphragm?

A

The left brachiocephalic vein

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44
Q

What filters freely out of capillaries to form interstitial fluid?

A

Most components of blood plasma (nutrients, gases, hormones)

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45
Q

What does the excess fluid that drains into lymphatic vessels become?

A

Lymph

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46
Q

Why does interstitial fluid contain low levels of proteins?

A

Because plasma proteins are typically too large to exit the blood vessels

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47
Q

What path does the flow of lymph follow?

A

Blood capillaries -> interstitial space -> lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic vessels -> lymphatic trunks/ducts, junction of internal jugular/subclavian veins

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48
Q

What are the two mechanisms that pump lymph back into the venous system?

A

The respiratory and skeletal pumps

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49
Q

How does the respiratory pump function?

A

Inhalation and exhalation changes the pressure within the vessels while one way valves within the vessels prevent backflow

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50
Q

How does the skeletal pump function?

A

The ‘milking action’ of the skeletal muscle contractions compress lymphatic vessels and forces lymph in the right direction

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51
Q

What are the two groups of lymphatic organs and tissues?

A

Primary and secondary

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52
Q

What is the function of primary lymphatic organs?

A

The sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent (capable of mounting an immune response)

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53
Q

What is the function of secondary lymphatic organs?

A

The sites where most immune responses occur

54
Q

What are examples of primary lymphatic organs?

A

Red bone marrow and the thymus

55
Q

What are examples of secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodes, the spleen, and the lymphatic nodules

56
Q

Where is red bone marrow located?

A

In the flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones

57
Q

What occurs in red bone marrow?

A

Immature stem cells become immunocompetent B cells and pre T cells

58
Q

Where do pre-T cells become immunocompetent T cells?

A

In the thymus

59
Q

Where do matured T cells go after the thymus?

A

Move to the medulla, then the blood stream to lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphatic tissues

60
Q

How many lymphatic vessels are scattered within the body?

A

Approximately 600

61
Q

What are the functions of the lymph nodes?

A

Filtering lymph and activating immune response

62
Q

What is a lymph node surrounded by?

A

A dense connective tissue capsule

63
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Extensions off the capsule that divide the node into compartments and provides a route for blood vessels

64
Q

What is the parenchyma of a lymph node divided into?

A

A superficial cortex (inner and outer) and a deep medulla

65
Q

What is in the outer cortex?

A

Lymphatic nodules, aggregates of B cells

66
Q

What is in the inner cortex?

A

Mostly T cells, no lymphatic nodules

67
Q

What is in the medulla?

A

B cells, macrophages

68
Q

Where does lymph enter a lymph node?

A

The afferent lymphatic vessels

69
Q

Where does lymph then filter through after entering the lymph node?

A

Several sinus, subcapsular->trabecular-> medullary

70
Q

Where does the lymph exit the lymph node?

A

The efferent lymphatic vessels

71
Q

Why does lymph move slowly through the node?

A

There are several afferent vessels for lymph to enter from but few efferent for lymph to exit, so it must move slowly and wait for a vessel to exit

72
Q

How is lymph filtered?

A

Foreign substances are trapped in the sinuses and destroyed by macrophages or lymphocytes. Immune responses and the activation of T cells and memory B cells occur to promote better future defense.

73
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

The ULQ

74
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Filters blood, similar to how lymph nodes filter lymph

75
Q

What is white pulp?

A

Lymphatic tissue (Lymphocytes and macrophages)

76
Q

What is red pulp?

A

Blood filled venous sinuses and splenic cords

77
Q

Where does blood enter the spleen?

A

Via the splenic artery into the white pulp

78
Q

What occurs in the white pulp?

A

B and T cells carry out immune functions and macrophages destroy blood borne pathogens

79
Q

What are the functions of red pulp?

A

Removal of worn out blood cells/platelets, storage of platelets, production of blood cells during fetal life

80
Q

What are lymphatic nodules?

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue that is not surrounded by a capsule. Found throughout the GI, urinary, reproductive and respiratory tracts

81
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches found?

A

The small intestine

82
Q

What is immunity?

A

The body’s ability to ward off damage or disease through our defense mechanisms

83
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Nonspecific defenses present at birth that act against all microbes

84
Q

What is the first line of defense in innate immunity?

A

Skin and mucous membranes

85
Q

What is the second line of defense in innate immunity?

A

Antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation and fever

86
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Specific recognition of specific microbes once it has breached innate immune defenses

87
Q

What cells are involved in adaptive immunity?

A

T cells and B cells

88
Q

What kind of barrier against pathogens does skin create?

A

A physical and chemical barrier

89
Q

What happens when skin is damaged?

A

It opens a potential pathway for pathogens to enter the blood stream

90
Q

What does the viscous nature of mucous do?

A

Trap microbes and other foreign substances

91
Q

What does coughing or sneezing do?

A

Propels mucous out of the body

92
Q

What does swallowing mucous do?

A

Moves the mucous to the stomach to kill the pathogens within with stomach acid

93
Q

What do tears do?

A

Wash away pathogens and contains enzymes to destroy them

94
Q

What does urine do?

A

Cleanses the urinary tract

95
Q

When is the second line of defense used?

A

When pathogens make it past the 1st line of defense

96
Q

What are the 4 main types of antimicrobial substances?

A

Interferons, complement system, iron binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins

97
Q

What produces interferons?

A

Lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses

98
Q

What do interferons do?

A

Diffuse into unaffected cells where they aid in production of antiviral proteins that interfere viral replication

99
Q

What is the complement system?

A

Normally inactive proteins found in blood plasma that enhance certain immune responses

100
Q

What is an iron binding protein?

A

A protein that reduces the amount of available iron required by bacteria for growth

101
Q

What does a natural killer cell do?

A

Kills/attacks any body cell that displays abnormal plasma membrane protiens

102
Q

How does a natural killer cell work?

A

Binds to a target cell and releases toxic substances that result in the cell inducing apoptosis or creating a hole to cause cytolysis

103
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

104
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Migrate to infected area where monocytes turn into macrophages (wandering macrophages) and fixed macrophages stand guard in specific tissues

105
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A

1.Chemotaxis
2.Adherence
3.Ingestion
4.Digestion
5.Killing

106
Q

What happens in chemotaxis?

A

Chemical stimulation for phagocyte to move to a site of damage/foreign substance

107
Q

What happens in adherence?

A

Attachment of the phagocyte to a foreign substance

108
Q

What happens in ingestion?

A

The plasma membrane engulfs the foreign substance

109
Q

What happens in digestion?

A

Phagosome merges with lysosomes in the cytoplasm to form a phagolysosome and enzymes are released

110
Q

What happens in killing?

A

Enzymes breakdown what it can of the foreign substance

111
Q

What happens in killing?

A

Enzymes breakdown what it can of the foreign substance

112
Q

What is the remains of the foreign substance after phagocytosis called?

A

Residual bodies

113
Q

What is inflammation

A

A nonspecific defensive response of the body to tissue damage

114
Q

What is the function of inflammation?

A

Attempts to dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury and prepares the site for tissue repair

115
Q

What conditions may produce inflammation?

A

Pathogens, abrasions, chemical irritations, distortion/disturbance of cells, extreme temperatures

116
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of inflammation?

A

(PRISH)
Pain
Redness
Immobility
Swelling
Heat

117
Q

What are the three basic stages of inflammation?

A
  1. Vasodilation and increased blood vessel permeability
  2. Emigration of phagocytes from the blood to interstitial fluid
  3. Tissue repair
118
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

Rapid onset of symptoms, resolve in days to weeks

119
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Slower onset, resolves in months to years

120
Q

What is a fever?

A

An abnormally high body temperature (>38C) that commonly occurs in infection/inflammation

121
Q

What does a fever do?

A

Intensifies interferon, inhibits some microbe growth, speeds up body reactions that aid in repair

122
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance that is recognized as foreign and provokes an immune response

123
Q

What two properties distinguish adaptive immunity from innate?

A

Specificity and memory

124
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

The process of a lymphocyte dividing and differentiating in response to an antigen. Forms an army of clones to attack the specific antigen/

125
Q

What are the two types of clones?

A

Effector and memory cells

126
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens. Intracellular pathogens

127
Q

What is antibody mediated immunity?

A

B cells transform into plasma cells that synthesize and secrete antibodies or immunoglobulins. Extracellular pathogens

128
Q

What are major histocompatibility complex antigens?

A

Unique transmembrane proteins that are identifying markers so T cells can recognize self vs. foreign

129
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions

130
Q

What do antibodies/immunoglobulins do?

A

Match to a specific antigen and neutralize/disable it

131
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Kill similar to NK cells but only specific antigens

Anatomy II (8 decks)

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