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Anatomy II > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the special senses?

A

Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium

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2
Q

What is olfaction?

A

The sense of smell

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3
Q

What does it mean that olfaction is a chemical sense?

A

the sensation arises from the interaction between
olfactory receptors and molecules

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4
Q

Where are olfactory receptors located?

A

in the olfactory epithelium within the nose

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5
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A

in the superior part of the nasal cavity

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6
Q

What do olfactory glands do?

A

produce mucous to moisten the olfactory
epithelium and promote dissolving of the chemical odorants

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7
Q

What nerve is involved with the olfactory glands’ production of mucous?

A

the facial (VII) nerve allows glands to produce more or less mucous as needed (causes a runny nose)

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8
Q

What occurs in the olfactory pathway?

A

-Chemical molecules (odorants), trigger nerve impulses along olfactory receptor neurons as they converge to form the olfactory (I) nerves
-The impulse is carried along different paths of the olfactory tract
-One path carries the impulse to the primary olfactory area (temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex) where conscious awareness of smells occurs
-The other path carries the impulse to the limbic system which triggers emotional responses to odors
-The impulse travels from the primary olfactory area to the frontal lobe for odor identification

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9
Q

What is gustation?

A

The sense of taste

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10
Q

What kind of sense is gustation?

A

Chemical

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11
Q

What are the 5 primary tastes?

A

Salty - triggered by sodium ions
Sweet - triggered by sugars and artificial sweeteners
Sour - triggered by hydrogen ions (acids)
Bitter - triggered by a wide variety of substances (defense mechanism)
Umami (savory) - triggered by amino acids

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12
Q

Where are tastebuds located?

A

The majority of our taste buds are located on the tongue, but some can also be found on the soft palate, pharynx and epiglottis

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13
Q

What do taste buds contain?

A

gustatory receptors, supporting cells, and gustatory hairs that are grouped together in elevations on the tongue called papillae

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14
Q

What do the papillae do?

A

increase the surface area of the taste bud and produce the rough texture of the surface of the tongue

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15
Q

What are gustatory hairs (aka gustatory microvilli)?

A

project from each receptor cell to the external
surface of the taste bud - they are the site of contact between the receptor and the tastant molecules

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16
Q

What are tastants?

A

-The chemicals that stimulate the gustatory receptors, must be dissolved by saliva in order to trigger the receptors
-The stimulus triggers specific gustation receptors and initiates an impulse that travels along 3 different cranial nerves to the medulla oblongata

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17
Q

What nerves are involved in gustation?

A

-Facial (VII) nerve, Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve, and vagus (X) nerve

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18
Q

What is involved in the emotional trigger of gustation?

A

The limbic system and the hypothalamus

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19
Q

How fast can we detect sounds?

A

The ear can detect sounds 1000 times faster than photoreceptors in our eye respond to light

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20
Q

What sense other than hearing is involved with the ear?

A

The ear also contains receptors for equilibrium

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21
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

the sense that helps maintain balance and awareness of our orientation in space

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22
Q

Anatomically, the ear is divided into which three sections?

A

External (outer) ear, middle ear, and internal (inner) ear

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23
Q

What is the external ear composed of?

A

Composed of the pinna, external auditory canal and eardrum

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24
Q

What is the pinna (aka auricle, aka earlobe)?

A

Flap of elastic cartilage covered by skin

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25
Q

What is the external auditory canal?

A

passageway to the eardrum

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26
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

partition between the external and middle ear

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27
Q

What can be found at the opening of the external auditory canal?

A

specialized sweat glands called ceruminous glands

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28
Q

What is cerumen (aka earwax)?

A

prevents foreign objects from entering

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29
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

A small air-filled cavity designed to alter the tension of the tympanic membrane to help protect the inner ear from loud noises

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30
Q

What 3 bones are considered the auditory ossicles?

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes (aka hammer, anvil, and stirrup)

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31
Q

What does the auditory tube (eustachian tube) connect?

A

the middle ear and nasopharynx

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32
Q

What are the two main structural divisions of the inner ear?

A

an outer bony labyrinth that contains an inner
membranous labyrinth

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33
Q

What are the cavities in the bony labyrinth called?

A

Semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea

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34
Q

What is between the bony and membranous labyrinth?

A

a protective fluid similar in chemical composition to CSF

35
Q

What is the structure of the membranous labryinth?

A

The membranous labyrinth follows the same general structure as the bony labyrinth and contains the receptors for hearing and equilibrium

36
Q

What are the steps involved in the physiology of hearing?

A
  1. The pinna directs sound waves into the external auditory canal
  2. Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane causing it to vibrate (slowly to low-pitched sounds, fast to high-pitch)
  3. Vibrations travel from the tympanic membrane, through the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
  4. The stapes carries the vibrations through membranous fluid and ultimately to the auditory receptors which triggers a nerve impulse
37
Q

What occurs in the auditory pathway?

A

-Auditory receptors send an impulse to the medulla oblongata through a branch of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve
-Fractional impulse delays between the left and right ear allow us to determine the location of the sound origin
-Impulse then travels through the thalamus to the primary auditory area of the cerebral cortex (temporal lobe) - conscious awareness of sound
-The impulse then travels to the auditory association area for complex sound integration

38
Q

What are receptors for equilibrium stimulated by?

A

linear and angular acceleration and deceleration

39
Q

What is the collection of receptor organs involved in equilibrium referred to as?

A

the vestibular apparatus

40
Q

What are the sensory receptors for equilibrium called?

A

hair cells

41
Q

What are the projections on one end of the hair cells called?

A

hair bundles

42
Q

When the hair bundles bend due to positional changes, it generates an impulse along which nerve?

A

The vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve to the medulla and the pons

43
Q

What aids in gathering information for equilibrium?

A

the eyes and internal proprioceptors

44
Q

Where are impulses sent (via effector neurons) once the information has been integrated?

A

-Eyes/head - help maintain focus on the visual field
-Head/neck - control head and neck movements to maintain equilibrium and muscle tone
-Cerebral cortex - provides conscious awareness of the head and limbs

45
Q

Where are more than half the sensory receptors in the body located?

A

The eyes

46
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

A

A group of structures that produce and drains lacrimal fluid, tears, in a process called lacrimation

47
Q

What does lacrimal fluid do?

A

protects, cleans, moistens and lubricates the eyeball

48
Q

How is fluid spread along the eyeball?

A

by blinking the eyelids

49
Q

What is the fibrous tunic?

A

the superficial layer of the eyeball

50
Q

What is the eyeball recessed and protected by?

A

the orbit (concave indent of the orbital bone)

51
Q

What does the fibrous tunic consist of?

A

The cornea and sclera

52
Q

What is the cornea?

A

-transparent coat that covers the coloured iris
-curved surface helps to focus light onto the retina

53
Q

What is the sclera?

A

-“whites of the eye”
-dense connective tissue that encircles and protects the eyeball
-site of attachment for extrinsic eye muscles
-coated by a thin mucous membrane called the conjunctiva

54
Q

What is the vascular tunic?

A

the middle layer of the eyeball

55
Q

What does the vascular tunic consist of?

A

The choroid, ciliary body, iris and the pupil

56
Q

What is the choroid?

A

Vasculature provides nutrients to the retina

57
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

Alters the shape of the lens and secretes aqueous humour

58
Q

What is the iris?

A

-coloured portion of the eyeball
-regulates the diameter of the pupil

59
Q

What is the pupil?

A

-the whole in the centre of the iris
-enervated by the oculomotor (III) nerve to dilate in response to low light and constrict in response to bright light

60
Q

What is the retina (Inner Tunic)?

A

-the hole in the centre of the iris
-enervated by the oculomotor (III) nerve to dilate in response to low light and constrict in response to bright light

61
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Receives light and generates nerve impulses to the brain via the optic (II) nerve

62
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?

A

rods and cones

63
Q

What do rods do?

A

allow us to see in dim light (black and white only)

64
Q

What are cones?

A

stimulated by brighter light (coloured vision)

65
Q

What are red, blue, and green cones?

A

stimulated in various combinations to produce our main coloured vision

66
Q

What is the lens?

A

-behind the pupil and the iris
-composed of layers of crystalin proteins that refract light onto the retina (focus)
-the lens divides the interior of the eyeball into two cavities that are responsible for maintaining intraocular pressure

67
Q

What are the two cavities of the lens?

A

The anterior cavity and vitreous chamber

68
Q

What is the anterior cavity?

A

space anterior to the lens, filled with aqueous humour

69
Q

What is aqueous humour?

A

transparent watery fluid that nourishes the lens and
cornea

70
Q

What is the vitreous chamber?

A

between the lens and the retina - contains the vitreous body

71
Q

What is the vitreous body?

A

transparent jellylike substance that holds the retina
in place

72
Q

What are the three processes involved in image formation?

A

-Refracting (bending) of light by the lens and cornea
-Accommodation (changing the curvature of the lens)
-Constricting or dilating the pupil

73
Q

What is refraction?

A

when light rays travelling through a transparent substance (air) pass into a second transparent substance with a different density (water), they bend at the junction of the two substances

74
Q

What occurs in the refraction of light rays?

A

-When light enters the eye the majority of refraction occurs in the cornea.
-The lens then completes the final “sharp” focus to produce an image on the retina
-Images focused on the retina are inverted and reversed left to right
-The brain learns in early life to “fix” the image we see

75
Q

What occurs in accommodation?

A

-The lens is convex on both the anterior and posterior surfaces, which causes the incoming light rays to refract closer together
-The lens can increase its curvature to view an object that is close
-This process is called accommodation and occurs via muscles controlled by the oculomotor (III) nerve
-Near point of vision - refers to the minimum distance that an object can be clearly focused with maximum accommodation (~10cm)

76
Q

What occurs in the constriction of the pupil?

A

-The muscle fibres of the iris contract and relax to constrict or dilate the pupil -autonomic reflex
-This occurs simultaneously with accommodation to prevents light rays from entering the eye through the periphery of the lens
-If light rays do enter through the periphery of the lens it would create blurred vision

77
Q

What is myopia (nearsightedness)?

A

when the eyeball is too long (relative to the cornea and lens)

78
Q

What is hyperopia (farsightedness)?

A

when the eyeball is too short

79
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

irregular curvature in the cornea or lens

80
Q

What is an emmetropic eye?

A

A normal eye

81
Q

What is binocular vision?

A

-Humans use both eyes to focus on one set of objects at a time (some animals see entirely different sets of objects with their left and right eyes at the same time - based on distance between eyes)
-Binocular vision allows us to have accurate depth perception and 3D vision

82
Q

What is convergence?

A

medial movement of eyeballs to track an object and allow for continued binocular vision

83
Q

What occurs in the visual pathway?

A

-Visual stimulation of photoreceptors on the retina trigger an impulse that travels along the optic (II) nerve and provides output from the retina to the brain
-The impulse travels through the thalamus to the primary visual area in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex
-The impulse is then relayed to the visual association area for more complex processing
-The visual association area also stores visual memories for recognition of known object

Anatomy II (8 decks)

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