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Functional Anatomy > The Lower Extremity > Flashcards

The Lower Extremity Flashcards

0
Q

Muscle length across the knee and hip affects ______ and ______ postures.

A

sitting & standing

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1
Q

The position of the _____ affects vertebral alignment.

A

pelvis

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2
Q

Tight hamstrings can lead to a ______ pelvic tilt

A

posterior

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3
Q

The hip provides ________ and ________ during weight bearing.

A

stability & mobility

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4
Q

Does the hip tend to have more closed chain or open chain movements?

A

closed chain

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5
Q

What other joint can we compare to the hip?

Is the hip more or less congruent than this joint?

A

Shoulder

The hip is more congruent than the shoulder, but it is not completely congruent unless carrying a heavy object

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6
Q

What is an important function of the knee?

A

Supports body weight at all positions between the extremities

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7
Q

Where do the ankle & feet support body weight?

What type of action occurs here?

A

Through the arches (absorb forces); transverse arch

Springing action

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8
Q

What bones make up the hip joint?

A

Ileum, ischium, pubis

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9
Q

What is another name for the hip joint?

A

Coxofemoral joint

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10
Q

The head of the femur articulates with the _________ of the pelvis.

A

Acetabulum

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11
Q

What is the function of the acetabulum?

A

Cushioning Absorb forces

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12
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Diarthroidial (freely moveable) Ball & socket

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13
Q

How many degrees of freedom are there in the hip?

A

3

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14
Q

What is the primary function of the hip joint?

A

support in static erect postures & dynamic postures

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15
Q

Answer convex or concave: Head of femur is _____. Acetabulum is _______.

Which direction does the head of the femur slide?

A

convex concave

opposite direction

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16
Q

Spinning motions of the hip:

Spin _______ for flexion.

Spin _______ for extension

Spin & glide ______ for ABD.

Spin & glide ______ for ADD.

Spin ______ for IR/ER

A

Posterior

Anterior

Medial

Lateral

Opposite

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17
Q

When the hip is weight bearing, the femur is _____.

A

fixed

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18
Q

Hip motion is produced by movement of the _______ on the ______.

A

pelvis on the femur

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19
Q

The acetabulum moves in the ______ direction as the ______ side of the pelvis (anterior and posterior tilt, lateral tilt)

A

same, opposite

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20
Q

Which hip ligament is one of the thickest and strongest in the body?

Which letter of the alphabet is it shaped like?

Is it anterior or posterior?

What is the function?

A

Iliofemoral

Y ligament

Anterior

Limits externsion

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21
Q

Where is the pubofemoral ligament? What is the function?

A

inferior limits ABD minimally limits ER

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22
Q

Which of the hip ligaments is the weakest?

Where is is located?

What is the function?

A

Ischiofemoral

Posterior/inferior

Limits ADD

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23
Q

All hip ligaments are ______ in flexion, _______ in hyperextension.

What are the implications of this on wheelchair users?

A

Slack Taunt

W/C users: ligaments can be shorten because the ligaments are slack in flexion

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24
Q

The hip joint is a synovial joint supported by a _______ _______.

A

synovial capsule

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25
Q

What can cause the synovial capsule of the joint to stretch?

A

joint pain & inflammation

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26
Q

What motion puts slack on the hip synovial capsule?

What happens if this motion is prolonged?

A

Hip flexion

flexion contractures

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27
Q

What is the normal angle of inclination for the hip?

Why is this ideal?

A

125

Best position for muscle attachment & joint congruency

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28
Q

What is a pathological decrease in the hip’s angle of inclination?

A

Coxa Vara

110 degrees

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29
Q

What is a pathological increase in the hip’s normal of inclination?

A

Coxa valga

140 degrees

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30
Q

Is there more stability in coxa vara or coxa valga?

Why?

What types of forces can it have?

A

Coxa vara

Because the femoral head is deeper in the acetabulum

Can have more sheer forces

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31
Q

What impairments can coxa vara & coxa valga result in?

A

Gait abnormalities Increased wear & tear Knee problems

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32
Q

In coxa valga, there is ______ articulation, meaning that it is ____ congruent.

A

Decreased Less

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33
Q

How many degrees are there in hip flexion?

A

120

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34
Q

Anterior pelvic tilt/lumbar extension occurs if the _________ are weak.

This motion is limited by the ______ ligament/______ capsule

A

abdominals

ischiofemoral

inferior

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35
Q

What is the ROM for hip extension?

This motion is limited by the _______ ligament/_______ capsule.

What other motion is occurring during hip extension?

A

0-30

Iiliofemoral, Anterior capsule

flexion in lumbar spine

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36
Q

What is the ROM for hip ABD?

What is this movement limited by?

A

0-45

pubofemoral ligament

inferior capsule adductors

hamstrings

37
Q

What is the ROM for hip ADD?

What is it limited by?

A

30 - 0

ischiofemoral ligament

iliotibial band

tensor fascia lattae

38
Q

What is the ROM for IR?

What is it limited by?

A

0-45

ischiofemoral ligament piriformis

39
Q

What is the ROM for hip ER?

What is it limited by?

A

0-45

iliofemoral ligament

iliotibial band

gluteus minimus

tensor fascia lattae

40
Q

Where are the hip flexors located in relation to the axis of rotation?

A

Anterior to axis

41
Q

Where are the extensors located in relation to the axis of rotation?

A

Posterior to the axis

42
Q

The gluteals and hamstrings provide strong ______ for the hip in standing.

A

extension

43
Q

The gluteals & hamstrings work together during ______ & ______ as we shift to balance ourselves

A

sitting & standing

44
Q

The hip flexors help maintain the….

A

anterior and posterior trunk balance

45
Q

The hip extensors prevent…

A

forward motion of the trunk

46
Q

Illiopsoas affects anterior pelvic tilt. If illiopsoas is the agonist, _________ is/are the antagonist.

A

hamstrings

47
Q

Normal length hamstrings allow full flexion of the _____ and _____.

Short hamstrings prevent further movement of the _____.

Is this active or passive insufficiency?

A

Trunk & pelvis

Pelvis

Passive

48
Q

What is the reverse action of anterior pelvic tilt?

A

flexion

49
Q

What is the reverse action of posterior pelvic tilt?

A

extension

50
Q

What is the reverse action of depression of the right pelvis?

A

ABD of the right thigh

51
Q

What is the reverse action of elevation of the right pelvis?

A

ADD of the right thigh

52
Q

What are the lateral rotators of the hip?

Are they contralateral or ipsilateral rotators of the hip?

A

Piriformis Obturator externus & internus Superior & inferior gemelli Posterior gluteus medius

Contralateral rotators

53
Q

What are the medial rotators of the hip?

Are the contralateral or ipsilateral rotators?

A

Anterior gluteus medius & minimus

Ipsilateral b/c they rotate the pelvis to the same side

54
Q

Which mm. are one joint hip flexors?

A

Psoas major & minor Illiacus (Iliopsoas)

55
Q

What mm. are two-joint hip flexors?

A

sartorius tensor fascia

latae rectus femoris

56
Q

What is the function of pectineus?

A

power flexor adductor

57
Q

In what position is iliopsoas ineffective?

A

knees bent [This is why you do sit ups with your knees bent, so you use your abdominals]

58
Q

What is the primary one-joint hip extensor?

When is it lazy?

A

Gluteus maximus

during ADLs

59
Q

What are the two-joint hip extensors?

When are they ineffective?

A

Hamstrings

Knee bent

60
Q

What other mm. also extends the hip?

A

Adductor magnus

61
Q

What muscle assists with hip ABD when force is required?

A

Gluteus maximus

62
Q

What are the primary hip abductors?

A

Gluteus medius & minimus

63
Q

What are the two joint hip ABD muscles?

A

TFL

Sartorius

64
Q

The hip ABDs work with the hip ADD to maintain….

A

lateral stability & trunk balance

65
Q

Hip ABDs maintain _____ _____ ______ during side to side and diagonal weight shifts.

A

active sitting balance

66
Q

What are two examples for hip ABDs close chain activities?

A

walking, running

67
Q

Hip ABD also provide support during ______ _______ ______.

A

single limb stance

68
Q

What muscles make up the one-joint hip adductors?

A

pectineus

adductor magnus, brevis, longus

69
Q

What muscles is a two-joint hip adductor?

A

gracilis

70
Q

Hip adductors attach along the shaft femur anterior to the…

A

muscles mechanical axis for rotation

71
Q

Hip adductors also have a moment arm for…

A

medial rotation

72
Q

While sitting with the feet off the ground, what is the position of the knee during hip IR?

During hip ER?

A

IR: Knee is medial to neutral

ER: knee is lateral to neutral

73
Q

What muscles make up the medial (internal) rotators of the hip?

A

Gleuteus minimus

TFL

Anterior fibers of gluteus medius

74
Q

What muscles make up the external rotators of the hip?

A

Piriformis

Obturator internus & externus

Quadratus femoris

Gemellus superior & inferior

75
Q

Where do the hip external rotators originate? Insert?

A

Origin: lower pelvis

Insertion: onto or near the greater trochanter

76
Q

What is a secondary function of the hip external rotators?

A

hold femur into acetabulum

77
Q

What is the open chain movement of the hip ERs?

closed chain?

A

Laterally rotate (ER)

Stability

78
Q

What are the two-joint functions of quadriceps femoris?

If these motions are done at the same time, is it active or passive insufficiency?

A

Extend knee Flex hip

Active

79
Q

What is the function of the hip flexors?

When are the hamstrings in active insuffiency?

When do they work best?

A

Knee flexors (cross 2 joints)

Knee flexion & hip extension

When the hip is flexed

80
Q

When the hip is flexed, the ________ is the agonist, and _______ are the antagonist.

A

Rectus femoris

hamstrings

81
Q

When the hip is extended, the _______ are the agonist and the ______ is the antagonist.

A

Hamstrings

rectus femoris

82
Q

In knee flexion, the _______ are the agonist and the ____ id the antagonist.

A

Hamstrings

rectus femoris

83
Q

In knee extension, the _________ is the agonist and the ________ is the antagonist.

A

rectus

femoris hamstrings

84
Q

Simultaneous hip and knee flexion or extension requires both hamstrings and rectus femoris to be…

A

agonists at one joint and antagonists at the other joint

85
Q

Hip flexion & knee extension results in _________ contracting & ________ relaxing

A

rectus femoris

hamstrings

86
Q

The ______ is/are capable of generating more force at the hip due to a longer moment arm, and _________ is more forceful at the knee.

A

hamstrings

rectus femoris

87
Q

Hip abductor muscles maintain a level pelvis during _________. During the swing pahse (of walking), one foot loses contact with the ground and the weight rotates the hip downward. This must be balanced by __________.

A

unilateral stance

contralateral hip adbuctors

88
Q

Trendelenberg Sign:

During the swing phase, if the right side drops, which side is weak?

A

left

89
Q

In the clinical screen for trendelenberg, what is considered a positive sign?

A

Single limb stance

+ for ABD weakness on the stance side: when the subject leans excessively toward the stance limp or when the pelvis drops on the sunsupported side

90
Q

What ligament is #2?

What is the function?

A

Iliofemoral

Limits extension

91
Q

What ligament is this?

What is the function?

A

Ischiofemoral

Limits ADD

Functional Anatomy (4 decks)

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