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ARRT > The Liver > Flashcards

The Liver Flashcards

1
Q

An abscess that develops from a parasite that grows in the colon and invades the liver via the portal.

A

Amebic hepatic cyst

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2
Q

the surgical connection between two structures.

A

Anastomosis

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3
Q

An abnormal passageway between an artery and a vein.

A

Arteriovenous fistula

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4
Q

Disorders in which the bodys immune system attacks and destroys healthy tissues and/or organs.

A

Autoimmune disorder

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5
Q

An inherited disease that results in the development of renal, liver, and pancreatic cysts late in life.

A

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

AKA Adult polycystic kidney disease (APDK)

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6
Q

The region of the liver not covered by peritoneum.

A

Bare area

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7
Q

A growth disorder syndrome synonymous with enlargement of several organs, including the skull, tongue, and liver.

A

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

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8
Q

A syndrome described as the occlusion of the hepatic veins, with possible coexisting occlusion of the IVC.

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome

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9
Q

Recognizable dilation of the superficial veins of the abdomen.

A

Caput medusa

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10
Q

The most common benign liver tumor.

A

Cavernous hemangioma

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11
Q

Inflammation of the bile ducts.

A

Cholangitis

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12
Q

Condition defined as hepatocyte death, fibrosis and necrosis of the liver, and the subsequent development of regenerating nodules.

A

Cirrhosis

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13
Q

Genetic disorder linked with the development of scar tissue accumulation within the lungs, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and/or intestines.

A

Cystic fibrosis

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14
Q

A pseudomass of the liver seen on sonography resulting from hypertrophied diaphragmatic muscle bundles.

A

Diaphragmatic slip

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15
Q

Infection of the bowel which leads to diarrhea that may contain mucus and/or blood.

A

Dysentery

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16
Q

A parasite responsible for the development of a hydatid liver cyst.

A

Echinococcus granulosus

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17
Q

The virus responsible for mononucleosis and other potential complications.

A

Epstein-Barr virus

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18
Q

A reversible disease characterized by deposits of fat within the hepatocytes.

A

Fatty liver AKA Hepatic steatosis

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19
Q

The formation of excessive fibrous tissue; the development of scar tissue within an organ.

A

Fibrosis

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20
Q

Manifestation of fatty liver disease in wish fat deposits are localized.

A

Focal fatty infiltration

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21
Q

Manifestation of fatty liver disease in which an area of the liver is spared from fatty infiltration.

A

Focal fatty sparing

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22
Q

A benign liver mass composed of a combination of hepatocytes and fibrosis tissue that typically contains a central scar.

A

Focal nodular hyperplasia

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23
Q

the junction between the stomach and the esophagus.

A

Gastroesophageal junction

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24
Q

The thin fibrous casing of the liver.

A

Glisson capsule

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25
Q

Vomiting blood.

A

Hemetemesis

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26
Q

A localized collection of blood.

A

Hematoma

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27
Q

An inherited disease characterized by disproportionate absorption of dietary iron.

A

Hemochromatosis

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28
Q

The formation and development of blood cells.

A

Hemopoiesis

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29
Q

A hepatic mass that results from the spread of fungus in the blood to the liver.

A

Hepatic candidiasis

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30
Q

A condition in which a PT becomes confused or suffers from intermittent loss of consciousness secondary to the overexposure of the brain to toxic chemicals that the liver would normally remove from the body.

A

Hepatic encephalopathy

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31
Q

Inflammation of the liver.

A

Hepatitis

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32
Q

A benign liver mass often associated with the use of oral contraceptives.

A

Hepatocellular adenoma

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33
Q

The primary form of liver cancer.

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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34
Q

Blood flow away from the liver.

A

Hepatofugal

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35
Q

The malignant tumor associated with hepatocellular carcinoma.

A

Hepatoma

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36
Q

Enlargement of the liver.

A

Hepatomegaly

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37
Q

Blood flow toward the liver.

A

Hepatopetal

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38
Q

Enlargement of the spleen and liver.

A

Hepatosplenomegaly

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39
Q

A liver cyst that develops from a tapeworm that lives in dog feces; originates from the echinococcus granulosus.

A

Hydatid liver cyst AKA Echinococcal cyst

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40
Q

Abnormally high levels of fats within the blood (ex: high cholesterol and high triglycerides).

A

Hyperlipidemia

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41
Q

Decreased blood volume.

A

Hypovolemia

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42
Q

No recognizable cause; from an unknown origin.

A

Idiopathic

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43
Q

A PT who has a weakened immune system.

A

Immunocompromised

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44
Q

The yellowish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae; found with liver disease and/or biliary obstruction.

A

Jaundice

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45
Q

Brain damage from bilirubin exposure in a newborn with jaundice.

A

Kernicterus

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46
Q

Specialized macrophages within the liver that engulf pathogens and damaged cells.

A

Kupffer cells

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47
Q

An elevated WBC count.

A

Leukocytosis

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48
Q

A benign fatty tumor.

A

Lipoma

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49
Q

The area of the liver where the common bile duct exits the liver and PV and HA enter the liver.

A

Liver hilum AKA Portal hepatis

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50
Q

A flow pattern that characteristically has integrate flow throughout the cardiac cycle.

A

Low-resistance flow

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51
Q

Feeling of uneasiness.

A

Malaise

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52
Q

The deterioration of a benign mass into a malignancy.

A

Malignant degeneration

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53
Q

The displacement or alteration of normal anatomy that is located adjacent to a tumor.

A

Mass effect

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54
Q

Vascular flow yielding a single phase

A

Monophasic

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55
Q

Death of tissue

A

Necrosis

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56
Q

An increase in the echogenicity of the portal triads as seen in hepatitis and other conditions.

A

Periportal cuffing

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57
Q

The elevation of blood pressure within the portal venous system.

A

Portal hypertension

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58
Q

An assembly of a small branch of the PV, bile duct, and HA that surround each liver lobule.

A

Portal triads

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59
Q

The development of clot within the PV.

A

PV thrombosis

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60
Q

Nodular appearance of the liver caused by multiple metastatic tumors.

A

Psuedocirrhosis

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61
Q

False mass.

A

Pseudomass

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62
Q

A liver abscess that can result from the spread of infection from inflammatory conditions such as appendicitis, diverticulitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and endocarditis.

A

Pyogenic liver abscess

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63
Q

The medial segment of the liver left lobe.

A

Quadrate lobe

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64
Q

The reopening of canals or pathways.

A

Recanalization

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65
Q

A tonguelike extension of the right hepatic lobe.

A

Riedel lobe

66
Q

An illness resulting from another disease, trauma or injury.

A

Sequela

67
Q

Twisted or snakelike pattern

A

Serpiginous

68
Q

Condition in which the the organs of the ABD and chest are on opposite sides of the body (ex; the liver is within the LUQ instead of the RUQ).

A

Situs inversus

69
Q

Enlargement of the spleen.

A

Splenomegaly

70
Q

The sonographic sign associated with the appearance of periportal cuffing in which there is an increase in echogenicity of the walls of the portal triads.

A

Starry sky sign

71
Q

A type of fatty liver disease that causes inflammation of the liver.

A

Steatohepatitis

72
Q

A procedure in which an individual receives vitamin and nutrients through a vein, often at the subclavian vein.

A

Total parental hyperalimentation

73
Q

The therapy for portal hypertension that involves the placement of a stent between the PV and HV to reduce portal systemic pressure.

A

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)

74
Q

Vascular flow yielding three phases

A

Triphasic

75
Q

The condition in which the body does not have the ability to break down glycogen.

A

Von Gierke disease AKA Glycogen storage disease type 1

76
Q

An inherited disease that includes the development of cysts within the liver, pancreas, and other organs.

A

Von Hippel-Lindau disease

77
Q

A congenital disorder that causes the body to accumulate excess copper.

A

Wilson disease

78
Q

What are the 10 functions of the liver?

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
  • Lipid metabolism
  • Amino acid metabolism
  • Removal of waste products
  • Vitamin and Mineral storage
  • Drug inactivation
  • Synthesis and secretion of bile
  • Blood reservoir
  • Lymph production
  • Detoxification
79
Q

What are the 8 clinical findings of Fatty Liver Disease?

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Alcohol abuse
  • Chemotherapy
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Elevated LFTs
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Obesity
  • Pregnancy
80
Q

What are the 4 sonographic findings of Diffuse Fatty Liver Disease?

A
  • Diffusely echogenic liver
  • Increased attenuation of the sound beam
  • Wall of hepatic vasculature
  • Diaphragm will not be easily imaged
81
Q

What’s the sonographic finding of Focal Fatty Infiltration?

A

-Hyperechoic area adjacent to the GB, near the portal hepatis, or part of a lobe may appear echogenic.

82
Q

What are the 8 clinical findings of Hepatitis?

A
  • Chills
  • Dark urine
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Jaundice
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Elevated LFTs
83
Q

What are the 4 sonographic findings of Hepatitis?

A
  • Normal liver
  • Enlarged, hypoechoic liver
  • Periportal cuffing with starry sky sign
  • GB wall thickening
84
Q

What are the 5 clinical findings of Cirrhosis?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Fatigue
  • Jaundice
  • Weight loss
  • Abnormal LFTs
85
Q

What are the 8 sonographic findings of Cirrhosis?

A
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Shrunk, echogenic RT lobe of the liver
  • Enlarged caudate and LT lobe
  • Nodular surface irregularity
  • Coarse echotexture
  • Ascites
  • Monophasic HV
  • Hepatofugal PV
86
Q

What are the clinical findings of Portal Hypertension?

A
  • Abnormal LFTs
  • Diarrhea
  • Fatigue
  • Caput medusa
  • Tremors
  • Gastrointestinal bleeding
87
Q

What are the 11 sonographic findings of Portal Hypertension?

A
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Shrunk Rt lobe
  • Enlarged caudate lobe
  • Nodular surface irregularity
  • Coarse echo texture
  • Ascites
  • Monophasic flow within HV
  • Hepatofugal flow within PV
  • Enlargement of the PV, SMV, Coronary vein, HA
  • ABD varicosities at the splenic hilum, renal hilum, and gastroesophageal junction
  • Patent paraumbilical vein AKA recanalized
88
Q

What are the 7 clinical findings of Portal Vein Thrombosis?

A
  • ABD pain
  • Elevated LFTs
  • Hypovolemia
  • Leukocytosis
  • Low fever
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
89
Q

What are the 3 sonographic findings of Portal Vein Thrombosis?

A
  • Echogenic thrombus within the PV
  • PV appears wormlike
  • Serpiginous vessels within the region of the PV
90
Q

What are the sonographic findings of Portal Venous Gas?

A
  • Small, bright reflectors noted within the PV

- Ring down artifact

91
Q

What are the 8 clinical findings of Portal Venous Gas?

A
  • Recent diverticulitis
  • appendicitis
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • bowel obstruction
  • bowel ulcers
  • gastrointestinal cancer
  • Stent replacement or TIPS
  • Endoscopic analysis of bowel
92
Q

What are the 2 clinical findings of Budd-Chiari Syndrome?

A
  • Elevated LFTs

- Upper ABD pain

93
Q

What are the sonographic findings of Budd-Chiari Syndrome?

A
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Ascites
  • Poorly seen HV
  • Thrombus within HV
  • Enlarged caudate lobe
  • Lack of flow within HV
  • Narrowing of IVC
94
Q

What are the 3 clinical findings of Hepatic Cysts?

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Possible normal LFTs
  • RUQ pain
95
Q

What are the 3 sonographic findings of Hepatic Cysts?

A
  • Anechoic masses w/ posterior enhancement
  • May have irregular shapes
  • Clusters of cysts (ADPKD)
96
Q

What are the 5 clinical findings of a Hydatid Liver Cyst?

A
  • Leukocytosis
  • Low fever
  • Nausea
  • Obstructive jaundice
  • RUQ tenderness
  • Recent travel
97
Q

What are the 4 sonographic findings of a Hydatid Liver Cyst?

A
  • Anechoic mass w/ debris
  • Water lily sign
  • Mother-daughter cyst
  • Dense calcification
98
Q

What are the 8 clinical findings of an Amebic Hepatic Abscess?

A
  • RUQ pain
  • Malaise
  • Bloody diarrhea
  • Fever
  • Leukocytosis
  • Elevated LFTs
  • Mild anemia
  • Recent travel abroad
99
Q

What are the 3 sonographic findings of an Amebic Hepatic Abscess?

A
  • Round, hypo echoic/anechoic mass
  • Debris
  • Acoustic enhancement
100
Q

What are the 4 clinical signs of a Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess?

A
  • Fever
  • Leukocytosis
  • Abnormal LFTs
  • RUQ pain
101
Q

What are the 3 sonographic findings of a Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess?

A
  • Complex cyst with thick walls
  • May contain debris, septations, and/or gas
  • Dirty shadowing or ring down artifact
102
Q

What are the 3 clinical findings of Hepatic Candidiasis?

A
  • RUQ pain
  • Fever
  • Immunocompromised Pts
103
Q

What are the 4 sonographic findings of Hepatic Candidiasis?

A
  • Multiple masses w/ hyperechoic central portions
  • Hypoechoic borders (target/halo/bullseye lesions)
  • Typically 1cm or smaller in size
  • Older lesions may calcify
104
Q

What is the clinical finding of a Cavernous Hemangioma?

A

-Asymptomatic

105
Q

What is the sonographic finding of a Cavernous Hemangioma?

A
  • Small, hyperechoic mass

- Typically in the Rt lobe

106
Q

What is the clinical finding of Focal Nodular Hyperplasia?

A

-Asymptomatic

107
Q

What are the sonographic findings of Focal Nodular Hyperplasia?

A
  • Isoechoic, Hyperechoic, or Hypoechoic mass.
  • Hypervascularity
  • Hyperechoic or Hypoechoic linear structure within the mass
108
Q

What are the 3 clinical findings of a Hepatocellular Adenoma?

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Oral contraceptive use
  • Pain w/ hemorrhage
109
Q

What are the sonographic findings of a Heptocellular Adenoma?

A
  • Mostly hypoechoic

- Maybe mixed echogenicities

110
Q

What is the clinical sign of Hepatic Lipoma?

A

-Asymptomatic

111
Q

What is the sonographic finding of Hepatic Lipoma?

A

-Hyperechoic mass

112
Q

What are the 4 clinical findings of Hepatic Hematoma?

A
  • Trauma
  • Recent surgery
  • Pain
  • Decreased hematocrit
113
Q

What are the 3 sonographic findings of Hepatic Hematoma?

A
  • Fresh clot may appear hyperechoic
  • Older clots may be anechoic or complex
  • Maybe be intrahepatic or subcapsular
114
Q

What are the 9 clinical findings of Hepatocellular Carcinoma?

A
  • Elevated AFP
  • Abnormal LFT
  • Cirrhosis
  • Chronic hepatitis
  • Weight loss
  • Fever
  • Palpable mass
  • ABD swelling
  • Ascites
115
Q

What are the 3 sonographic findings of Hepatocellular Carcinoma?

A
  • Hypoechoic mass
  • Target or bulls-eye sign
  • Ascites
116
Q

What are the 5 clinical findings of Hepatic Metastasis?

A
  • Abnormal LFTs
  • Jaundice
  • RUQ pain
  • ABD swelling
  • Weight loss
117
Q

What are the 5 sonographic findings of Hepatic Metastasis?

A
  • Variable
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Hypoechoic rim w/ central echogenic region
  • Diffusely heterogenous liver
  • Ascites
118
Q

What are the 2 clinical findings of Infantile Hemangioendothelioma?

A
  • Pediatric Pt

- May be accompanied by hemangiomas of the skin

119
Q

What are the 3 sonographic findings of Infantile Hemangioendothelioma?

A
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Homogeneous or complex mass
  • Calcifications / cystic spaces
120
Q

What are the 8 clinical findings of Hepatoblastoma?

A
  • Pediatric Pt
  • Asymptomatic
  • Palpable ABD mass
  • ABD pain
  • Anorexia
  • Jaundice
  • Elevated AFP
  • Weight loss
121
Q

What are the sonographic findings of Hepatoblastoma?

A
  • Solid mass
  • Hyperechoic / Heterogeneous
  • Possible calcifications
122
Q

Which benign liver mass is typically isoechoic and contains a central scar?

A

Focal nodular hyperplasia

123
Q

The covering of the liver is referred to as:

A

Glisson capsule

124
Q

The left lobe of the liver can be separated from the right lobe by:

A

Middle HV

125
Q

The TIPS shunt is placed:

A

Between a portal vein and hepatic vein

126
Q

The right lobe of the liver is divided into segments by the:

A

Right HV

127
Q

The right intersegmental fissure of the liver contains the:

A

Right HV

128
Q

The MPV divides into:

A

Lt and Rt branches

129
Q

The ligamentum teres can be used to separate the:

A

Medial and lateral segments of the Lt lobe

130
Q

The main lobar fissure contains the:

A

Middle HV

131
Q

All of the following are located within the porta hepatis except:

a. MPV
b. Common bile duct
c. Hepatic artery
d. Middle HV

A

d. Middle HV

132
Q

Rt sided heart failure often leads to enlargement of the:

a. AO
b. IVC and HVs
c. IVC and PVs
d. PV and spleen

A

b. IVC and HVs

133
Q

Which of the following is typically transmitted through contaminated water found in places such as Mexico, Central America, South America, Asia, India, and Africa?

a. Amebic liver abscess
b. Hydatid liver cyst
c. Candidiasis
d. Hepatoma

A

a. Amebic liver abscess

134
Q

The Rt portal vein divides into:

A

Anterior and posterior branches

135
Q

The diameter of the PV should not exceed:

A

13 mm

136
Q

The Rt lobe of the liver can be divided into:

A

Anterior and posterior segments

137
Q

Which has brighter walls, PV or HV?

A

PV

138
Q

The Lt lobe of the liver can be divided into:

A

Medial and lateral segments

139
Q

What is normal flow within the hepatic artery?

A
  • Low-resistance waveform
  • Quick upstroke
  • Gradual deceleration
140
Q

Budd-Chiari Syndrome leads to a reduction in the size of the:

A

HVs

141
Q

A tonguelike extension of the Rt lobe of the liver is termed:

A

Riedel lobe

142
Q

The Lt portal vein divides into:

A

Medial and lateral branches

143
Q

The Lt umbilical vein after birth becomes the:

A

Ligamentum Teres

144
Q

What is normal flow within the HVs?

A

Triphasic

145
Q

The inferior extension of the caudate lobe is referred to as:

A

Papillary process

146
Q

What is the most common reason for a liver transplant?

A

Hepatitis C

147
Q

Clinical findings of fatty infiltration of the liver include:

a. Elevated LFT
b. Fever
c. Fatigue
d. Weight loss

A

a. Elevated LFT

148
Q

Shortly after birth, the ductus venosus collapses and becomes the:

A

Ligamentum venosum

149
Q

Sonographically, when the liver is difficult to penetrate and diffusely echogenic, this is indicative of:

a. PV thrombosis
b. Metastatic liver disease
c. Primary liver carcinoma
d. Fatty liver disease

A

d. Fatty liver disease

150
Q

The most common cause of Cirrhosis is:

A

Alcoholism

151
Q

Clinical findings of hepatitis include all of the following except:

a. Jaundice
b. Fever
c. Chills
d. Pericholecystic fluid

A

d. Pericholecystic fluid

152
Q

What form of hepatic abnormality are immunocompromised Pts more prone to develop?

a. hepatic adenoma
b. amebic abscess
c. hydatid liver abscess
d. candidiasis

A

d. candidiasis

153
Q

All of the following are sequela of Cirrhosis except:

a. PV thrombosis
b. HA contraction
c. Portal hypertension
d. Splenomegaly

A

b. HA contraction

154
Q

Normal flow toward the liver in the PVs is termed:

A

Hepatopetal

155
Q

Which of the following masses would be most worrisome for malignancy?

a. Echogenic mass
b. Cystic mass with posterior enhancement
c. Isoechoic mass with a central scar
d. Hyperechoic mass with a hypoechoic halo

A

d. hyperechoic mass with a hypoechoic halo

156
Q

Which of the following is the most common form of liver cancer?

a. hepatocellular carcinoma
b. adenocarcinoma
c. metastatic liver disease
d. hepatoblastoma

A

c. metastatic liver disease

157
Q

Which hepatic mass is closely associated with oral contraceptive use?

a. hepatic adenoma
b. hepatic hypernephroma
c. hepatic hamartoma
d. hepatic hemangioma

A

a. hepatic adenoma

158
Q

Which of the following is considered the most common benign childhood hepatic mass?

a. hepatoblastoma
b. hepatoma
c. hematoma
d. hemangioendothelioma

A

d. hemangioendothelioma

159
Q

All of the following are clinical findings of HCC except:

a. reduction in AFP
b. weight loss
c. fever
d. cirrhosis

A

a. reduction in AFP

160
Q

The childhood syndrome Beckwith-Weidemann is associated with an increased risk for developing:

a. hepatoblastoma
b. cirrhosis
c. portal hypertension
d. hepatitis

A

a. hepatoblastoma

161
Q

Which of the following is associated with E. granulosus?

a. candidiasis
b. amebic liver abscess
c. hydatid liver cyst
d. hepatocellular carcinoma

A

c. hydatid liver cyst

ARRT (33 decks)

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