The Liver Flashcards
1
Q
An abscess that develops from a parasite that grows in the colon and invades the liver via the portal.
A
Amebic hepatic cyst
2
Q
the surgical connection between two structures.
A
Anastomosis
3
Q
An abnormal passageway between an artery and a vein.
A
Arteriovenous fistula
4
Q
Disorders in which the bodys immune system attacks and destroys healthy tissues and/or organs.
A
Autoimmune disorder
5
Q
An inherited disease that results in the development of renal, liver, and pancreatic cysts late in life.
A
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
AKA Adult polycystic kidney disease (APDK)
6
Q
The region of the liver not covered by peritoneum.
A
Bare area
7
Q
A growth disorder syndrome synonymous with enlargement of several organs, including the skull, tongue, and liver.
A
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
8
Q
A syndrome described as the occlusion of the hepatic veins, with possible coexisting occlusion of the IVC.
A
Budd-Chiari syndrome
9
Q
Recognizable dilation of the superficial veins of the abdomen.
A
Caput medusa
10
Q
The most common benign liver tumor.
A
Cavernous hemangioma
11
Q
Inflammation of the bile ducts.
A
Cholangitis
12
Q
Condition defined as hepatocyte death, fibrosis and necrosis of the liver, and the subsequent development of regenerating nodules.
A
Cirrhosis
13
Q
Genetic disorder linked with the development of scar tissue accumulation within the lungs, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and/or intestines.
A
Cystic fibrosis
14
Q
A pseudomass of the liver seen on sonography resulting from hypertrophied diaphragmatic muscle bundles.
A
Diaphragmatic slip
15
Q
Infection of the bowel which leads to diarrhea that may contain mucus and/or blood.
A
Dysentery
16
Q
A parasite responsible for the development of a hydatid liver cyst.
A
Echinococcus granulosus
17
Q
The virus responsible for mononucleosis and other potential complications.
A
Epstein-Barr virus
18
Q
A reversible disease characterized by deposits of fat within the hepatocytes.
A
Fatty liver AKA Hepatic steatosis
19
Q
The formation of excessive fibrous tissue; the development of scar tissue within an organ.
A
Fibrosis
20
Q
Manifestation of fatty liver disease in wish fat deposits are localized.
A
Focal fatty infiltration
21
Q
Manifestation of fatty liver disease in which an area of the liver is spared from fatty infiltration.
A
Focal fatty sparing
22
Q
A benign liver mass composed of a combination of hepatocytes and fibrosis tissue that typically contains a central scar.
A
Focal nodular hyperplasia
23
Q
the junction between the stomach and the esophagus.
A
Gastroesophageal junction
24
Q
The thin fibrous casing of the liver.
A
Glisson capsule
25
Vomiting blood.
Hemetemesis
26
A localized collection of blood.
Hematoma
27
An inherited disease characterized by disproportionate absorption of dietary iron.
Hemochromatosis
28
The formation and development of blood cells.
Hemopoiesis
29
A hepatic mass that results from the spread of fungus in the blood to the liver.
Hepatic candidiasis
30
A condition in which a PT becomes confused or suffers from intermittent loss of consciousness secondary to the overexposure of the brain to toxic chemicals that the liver would normally remove from the body.
Hepatic encephalopathy
31
Inflammation of the liver.
Hepatitis
32
A benign liver mass often associated with the use of oral contraceptives.
Hepatocellular adenoma
33
The primary form of liver cancer.
Hepatocellular carcinoma
34
Blood flow away from the liver.
Hepatofugal
35
The malignant tumor associated with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatoma
36
Enlargement of the liver.
Hepatomegaly
37
Blood flow toward the liver.
Hepatopetal
38
Enlargement of the spleen and liver.
Hepatosplenomegaly
39
A liver cyst that develops from a tapeworm that lives in dog feces; originates from the echinococcus granulosus.
Hydatid liver cyst AKA Echinococcal cyst
40
Abnormally high levels of fats within the blood (ex: high cholesterol and high triglycerides).
Hyperlipidemia
41
Decreased blood volume.
Hypovolemia
42
No recognizable cause; from an unknown origin.
Idiopathic
43
A PT who has a weakened immune system.
Immunocompromised
44
The yellowish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae; found with liver disease and/or biliary obstruction.
Jaundice
45
Brain damage from bilirubin exposure in a newborn with jaundice.
Kernicterus
46
Specialized macrophages within the liver that engulf pathogens and damaged cells.
Kupffer cells
47
An elevated WBC count.
Leukocytosis
48
A benign fatty tumor.
Lipoma
49
The area of the liver where the common bile duct exits the liver and PV and HA enter the liver.
Liver hilum AKA Portal hepatis
50
A flow pattern that characteristically has integrate flow throughout the cardiac cycle.
Low-resistance flow
51
Feeling of uneasiness.
Malaise
52
The deterioration of a benign mass into a malignancy.
Malignant degeneration
53
The displacement or alteration of normal anatomy that is located adjacent to a tumor.
Mass effect
54
Vascular flow yielding a single phase
Monophasic
55
Death of tissue
Necrosis
56
An increase in the echogenicity of the portal triads as seen in hepatitis and other conditions.
Periportal cuffing
57
The elevation of blood pressure within the portal venous system.
Portal hypertension
58
An assembly of a small branch of the PV, bile duct, and HA that surround each liver lobule.
Portal triads
59
The development of clot within the PV.
PV thrombosis
60
Nodular appearance of the liver caused by multiple metastatic tumors.
Psuedocirrhosis
61
False mass.
Pseudomass
62
A liver abscess that can result from the spread of infection from inflammatory conditions such as appendicitis, diverticulitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and endocarditis.
Pyogenic liver abscess
63
The medial segment of the liver left lobe.
Quadrate lobe
64
The reopening of canals or pathways.
Recanalization
65
A tonguelike extension of the right hepatic lobe.
Riedel lobe
66
An illness resulting from another disease, trauma or injury.
Sequela
67
Twisted or snakelike pattern
Serpiginous
68
Condition in which the the organs of the ABD and chest are on opposite sides of the body (ex; the liver is within the LUQ instead of the RUQ).
Situs inversus
69
Enlargement of the spleen.
Splenomegaly
70
The sonographic sign associated with the appearance of periportal cuffing in which there is an increase in echogenicity of the walls of the portal triads.
Starry sky sign
71
A type of fatty liver disease that causes inflammation of the liver.
Steatohepatitis
72
A procedure in which an individual receives vitamin and nutrients through a vein, often at the subclavian vein.
Total parental hyperalimentation
73
The therapy for portal hypertension that involves the placement of a stent between the PV and HV to reduce portal systemic pressure.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)
74
Vascular flow yielding three phases
Triphasic
75
The condition in which the body does not have the ability to break down glycogen.
Von Gierke disease AKA Glycogen storage disease type 1
76
An inherited disease that includes the development of cysts within the liver, pancreas, and other organs.
Von Hippel-Lindau disease
77
A congenital disorder that causes the body to accumulate excess copper.
Wilson disease
78
What are the 10 functions of the liver?
- Carbohydrate metabolism
- Lipid metabolism
- Amino acid metabolism
- Removal of waste products
- Vitamin and Mineral storage
- Drug inactivation
- Synthesis and secretion of bile
- Blood reservoir
- Lymph production
- Detoxification
79
What are the 8 clinical findings of Fatty Liver Disease?
- Asymptomatic
- Alcohol abuse
- Chemotherapy
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Elevated LFTs
- Hyperlipidemia
- Obesity
- Pregnancy
80
What are the 4 sonographic findings of Diffuse Fatty Liver Disease?
- Diffusely echogenic liver
- Increased attenuation of the sound beam
- Wall of hepatic vasculature
- Diaphragm will not be easily imaged
81
What's the sonographic finding of Focal Fatty Infiltration?
-Hyperechoic area adjacent to the GB, near the portal hepatis, or part of a lobe may appear echogenic.
82
What are the 8 clinical findings of Hepatitis?
- Chills
- Dark urine
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Jaundice
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Elevated LFTs
83
What are the 4 sonographic findings of Hepatitis?
- Normal liver
- Enlarged, hypoechoic liver
- Periportal cuffing with starry sky sign
- GB wall thickening
84
What are the 5 clinical findings of Cirrhosis?
- Diarrhea
- Fatigue
- Jaundice
- Weight loss
- Abnormal LFTs
85
What are the 8 sonographic findings of Cirrhosis?
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Shrunk, echogenic RT lobe of the liver
- Enlarged caudate and LT lobe
- Nodular surface irregularity
- Coarse echotexture
- Ascites
- Monophasic HV
- Hepatofugal PV
86
What are the clinical findings of Portal Hypertension?
- Abnormal LFTs
- Diarrhea
- Fatigue
- Caput medusa
- Tremors
- Gastrointestinal bleeding
87
What are the 11 sonographic findings of Portal Hypertension?
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Shrunk Rt lobe
- Enlarged caudate lobe
- Nodular surface irregularity
- Coarse echo texture
- Ascites
- Monophasic flow within HV
- Hepatofugal flow within PV
- Enlargement of the PV, SMV, Coronary vein, HA
- ABD varicosities at the splenic hilum, renal hilum, and gastroesophageal junction
- Patent paraumbilical vein AKA recanalized
88
What are the 7 clinical findings of Portal Vein Thrombosis?
- ABD pain
- Elevated LFTs
- Hypovolemia
- Leukocytosis
- Low fever
- Nausea
- Vomiting
89
What are the 3 sonographic findings of Portal Vein Thrombosis?
- Echogenic thrombus within the PV
- PV appears wormlike
- Serpiginous vessels within the region of the PV
90
What are the sonographic findings of Portal Venous Gas?
- Small, bright reflectors noted within the PV
| - Ring down artifact
91
What are the 8 clinical findings of Portal Venous Gas?
- Recent diverticulitis
- appendicitis
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- bowel obstruction
- bowel ulcers
- gastrointestinal cancer
- Stent replacement or TIPS
- Endoscopic analysis of bowel
92
What are the 2 clinical findings of Budd-Chiari Syndrome?
- Elevated LFTs
| - Upper ABD pain
93
What are the sonographic findings of Budd-Chiari Syndrome?
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Ascites
- Poorly seen HV
- Thrombus within HV
- Enlarged caudate lobe
- Lack of flow within HV
- Narrowing of IVC
94
What are the 3 clinical findings of Hepatic Cysts?
- Asymptomatic
- Possible normal LFTs
- RUQ pain
95
What are the 3 sonographic findings of Hepatic Cysts?
- Anechoic masses w/ posterior enhancement
- May have irregular shapes
- Clusters of cysts (ADPKD)
96
What are the 5 clinical findings of a Hydatid Liver Cyst?
- Leukocytosis
- Low fever
- Nausea
- Obstructive jaundice
- RUQ tenderness
- Recent travel
97
What are the 4 sonographic findings of a Hydatid Liver Cyst?
- Anechoic mass w/ debris
- Water lily sign
- Mother-daughter cyst
- Dense calcification
98
What are the 8 clinical findings of an Amebic Hepatic Abscess?
- RUQ pain
- Malaise
- Bloody diarrhea
- Fever
- Leukocytosis
- Elevated LFTs
- Mild anemia
- Recent travel abroad
99
What are the 3 sonographic findings of an Amebic Hepatic Abscess?
- Round, hypo echoic/anechoic mass
- Debris
- Acoustic enhancement
100
What are the 4 clinical signs of a Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess?
- Fever
- Leukocytosis
- Abnormal LFTs
- RUQ pain
101
What are the 3 sonographic findings of a Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess?
- Complex cyst with thick walls
- May contain debris, septations, and/or gas
- Dirty shadowing or ring down artifact
102
What are the 3 clinical findings of Hepatic Candidiasis?
- RUQ pain
- Fever
- Immunocompromised Pts
103
What are the 4 sonographic findings of Hepatic Candidiasis?
- Multiple masses w/ hyperechoic central portions
- Hypoechoic borders (target/halo/bullseye lesions)
- Typically 1cm or smaller in size
- Older lesions may calcify
104
What is the clinical finding of a Cavernous Hemangioma?
-Asymptomatic
105
What is the sonographic finding of a Cavernous Hemangioma?
- Small, hyperechoic mass
| - Typically in the Rt lobe
106
What is the clinical finding of Focal Nodular Hyperplasia?
-Asymptomatic
107
What are the sonographic findings of Focal Nodular Hyperplasia?
- Isoechoic, Hyperechoic, or Hypoechoic mass.
- Hypervascularity
- Hyperechoic or Hypoechoic linear structure within the mass
108
What are the 3 clinical findings of a Hepatocellular Adenoma?
- Asymptomatic
- Oral contraceptive use
- Pain w/ hemorrhage
109
What are the sonographic findings of a Heptocellular Adenoma?
- Mostly hypoechoic
| - Maybe mixed echogenicities
110
What is the clinical sign of Hepatic Lipoma?
-Asymptomatic
111
What is the sonographic finding of Hepatic Lipoma?
-Hyperechoic mass
112
What are the 4 clinical findings of Hepatic Hematoma?
- Trauma
- Recent surgery
- Pain
- Decreased hematocrit
113
What are the 3 sonographic findings of Hepatic Hematoma?
- Fresh clot may appear hyperechoic
- Older clots may be anechoic or complex
- Maybe be intrahepatic or subcapsular
114
What are the 9 clinical findings of Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
- Elevated AFP
- Abnormal LFT
- Cirrhosis
- Chronic hepatitis
- Weight loss
- Fever
- Palpable mass
- ABD swelling
- Ascites
115
What are the 3 sonographic findings of Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
- Hypoechoic mass
- Target or bulls-eye sign
- Ascites
116
What are the 5 clinical findings of Hepatic Metastasis?
- Abnormal LFTs
- Jaundice
- RUQ pain
- ABD swelling
- Weight loss
117
What are the 5 sonographic findings of Hepatic Metastasis?
- Variable
- Hepatomegaly
- Hypoechoic rim w/ central echogenic region
- Diffusely heterogenous liver
- Ascites
118
What are the 2 clinical findings of Infantile Hemangioendothelioma?
- Pediatric Pt
| - May be accompanied by hemangiomas of the skin
119
What are the 3 sonographic findings of Infantile Hemangioendothelioma?
- Hepatomegaly
- Homogeneous or complex mass
- Calcifications / cystic spaces
120
What are the 8 clinical findings of Hepatoblastoma?
- Pediatric Pt
- Asymptomatic
- Palpable ABD mass
- ABD pain
- Anorexia
- Jaundice
- Elevated AFP
- Weight loss
121
What are the sonographic findings of Hepatoblastoma?
- Solid mass
- Hyperechoic / Heterogeneous
- Possible calcifications
122
Which benign liver mass is typically isoechoic and contains a central scar?
Focal nodular hyperplasia
123
The covering of the liver is referred to as:
Glisson capsule
124
The left lobe of the liver can be separated from the right lobe by:
Middle HV
125
The TIPS shunt is placed:
Between a portal vein and hepatic vein
126
The right lobe of the liver is divided into segments by the:
Right HV
127
The right intersegmental fissure of the liver contains the:
Right HV
128
The MPV divides into:
Lt and Rt branches
129
The ligamentum teres can be used to separate the:
Medial and lateral segments of the Lt lobe
130
The main lobar fissure contains the:
Middle HV
131
All of the following are located within the porta hepatis except:
a. MPV
b. Common bile duct
c. Hepatic artery
d. Middle HV
d. Middle HV
132
Rt sided heart failure often leads to enlargement of the:
a. AO
b. IVC and HVs
c. IVC and PVs
d. PV and spleen
b. IVC and HVs
133
Which of the following is typically transmitted through contaminated water found in places such as Mexico, Central America, South America, Asia, India, and Africa?
a. Amebic liver abscess
b. Hydatid liver cyst
c. Candidiasis
d. Hepatoma
a. Amebic liver abscess
134
The Rt portal vein divides into:
Anterior and posterior branches
135
The diameter of the PV should not exceed:
13 mm
136
The Rt lobe of the liver can be divided into:
Anterior and posterior segments
137
Which has brighter walls, PV or HV?
PV
138
The Lt lobe of the liver can be divided into:
Medial and lateral segments
139
What is normal flow within the hepatic artery?
- Low-resistance waveform
- Quick upstroke
- Gradual deceleration
140
Budd-Chiari Syndrome leads to a reduction in the size of the:
HVs
141
A tonguelike extension of the Rt lobe of the liver is termed:
Riedel lobe
142
The Lt portal vein divides into:
Medial and lateral branches
143
The Lt umbilical vein after birth becomes the:
Ligamentum Teres
144
What is normal flow within the HVs?
Triphasic
145
The inferior extension of the caudate lobe is referred to as:
Papillary process
146
What is the most common reason for a liver transplant?
Hepatitis C
147
Clinical findings of fatty infiltration of the liver include:
a. Elevated LFT
b. Fever
c. Fatigue
d. Weight loss
a. Elevated LFT
148
Shortly after birth, the ductus venosus collapses and becomes the:
Ligamentum venosum
149
Sonographically, when the liver is difficult to penetrate and diffusely echogenic, this is indicative of:
a. PV thrombosis
b. Metastatic liver disease
c. Primary liver carcinoma
d. Fatty liver disease
d. Fatty liver disease
150
The most common cause of Cirrhosis is:
Alcoholism
151
Clinical findings of hepatitis include all of the following except:
a. Jaundice
b. Fever
c. Chills
d. Pericholecystic fluid
d. Pericholecystic fluid
152
What form of hepatic abnormality are immunocompromised Pts more prone to develop?
a. hepatic adenoma
b. amebic abscess
c. hydatid liver abscess
d. candidiasis
d. candidiasis
153
All of the following are sequela of Cirrhosis except:
a. PV thrombosis
b. HA contraction
c. Portal hypertension
d. Splenomegaly
b. HA contraction
154
Normal flow toward the liver in the PVs is termed:
Hepatopetal
155
Which of the following masses would be most worrisome for malignancy?
a. Echogenic mass
b. Cystic mass with posterior enhancement
c. Isoechoic mass with a central scar
d. Hyperechoic mass with a hypoechoic halo
d. hyperechoic mass with a hypoechoic halo
156
Which of the following is the most common form of liver cancer?
a. hepatocellular carcinoma
b. adenocarcinoma
c. metastatic liver disease
d. hepatoblastoma
c. metastatic liver disease
157
Which hepatic mass is closely associated with oral contraceptive use?
a. hepatic adenoma
b. hepatic hypernephroma
c. hepatic hamartoma
d. hepatic hemangioma
a. hepatic adenoma
158
Which of the following is considered the most common benign childhood hepatic mass?
a. hepatoblastoma
b. hepatoma
c. hematoma
d. hemangioendothelioma
d. hemangioendothelioma
159
All of the following are clinical findings of HCC except:
a. reduction in AFP
b. weight loss
c. fever
d. cirrhosis
a. reduction in AFP
160
The childhood syndrome Beckwith-Weidemann is associated with an increased risk for developing:
a. hepatoblastoma
b. cirrhosis
c. portal hypertension
d. hepatitis
a. hepatoblastoma
161
Which of the following is associated with E. granulosus?
a. candidiasis
b. amebic liver abscess
c. hydatid liver cyst
d. hepatocellular carcinoma
c. hydatid liver cyst
