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Physiology > The Liver > Flashcards

The Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What does the falciform ligament attach?

A

ascends from the umbilicus to the liver

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2
Q

main functions of the liver (7)

A
  • production and secretion of bile
  • involved with protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism
  • filtration of the blood (Kupffer cells)
  • makes heparin
  • stores iron (Kupffer cells)
  • hormonal balance (removal of circulating hormones)
  • produces immune factors
  • waste product removal
  • vitamin storage. mineral storage.
  • drug inactivation
  • removal of antibodies
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3
Q

what is the right lobe divided into?

A

quadrate and caudate lobes

- by the presence of the GB, and fissure for falciform ligament, ligamentum teres.

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4
Q

the central vein of each lobule is a tributary of which common vein?

A

hepatic vein

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5
Q

what are the lobes divided into?

A

100, 000 liver lobules

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6
Q

structure of lobules

A

hepatocytes form spokes of a wheel in each lobule

sinusoids running lobules

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7
Q

what are sinusoids?

A

capillaries with fenestrated epithelium to allow movement of plasma proteins. Flow into central veins that flows into hepatic vein and into heart.

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8
Q

what type of cells reside in the endothelial lining of the sinusoids?

A

Kupffer cells

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9
Q

what to Kupfer cells do?

A

engulf pathogens,
cell debris,
damaged blood cells.
Also store IRON, some lipids, and HEAVY metals.

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10
Q

what vessels are in the porta hepatis?

A

Bile duct
Hepatic vein
Hepatic artery proper

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11
Q

The Liver has its own hepatic artery and vein, what is the name of the vein coming from the intestines?

A

hepatic PORTAL vein

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12
Q

The Liver helps maintain homeostatis by….

A

extract nutrients or toxins from the blood before it reaches the systemic circulation

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13
Q

what is bile? (5)

A

water, ions, BILIRUBIN (a pigment derived from hemoglobin), cholesterol, and an assortment of LIPIDS collectively known as BILE SALTS.

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14
Q

bilirubin binds with …… and is transported to the …. for excretion in the……..

A

albumin
liver
bile

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15
Q

what do bile salts do?

A

emulsify fats, facilitate lipid absorption

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16
Q

another name for jaundice?

A

hyperbilirubinemia

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17
Q

what happens if bile becomes too concentrated?

A

gallstones develop which become a problem if they cannot be flushed down the bile duct and excreted.

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18
Q

what is cholecystitis?

A

gallstones are so large that they can damage the wall of the gallbladder or block the cystic duct or common bile duct

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19
Q

Hormones produced in the intestines (6)

And some functions.

A
  1. increases secretion of pancreatic buffers and bile from the liver as well as reducing gastric motility
  2. Cholecystokinin accelerates the production of pancreatic enzymes and contracts the gallbladder as well as inhibiting gastric activity and suppressing hunger sensations
  3. Gastric inhibitory peptide stimulates insulin release by the pancreas lipid synthesis and glycolysis as well as inhibition of gastric activity
    Other hormones include 4. motilin (stimulates peristalsis) 5. villikinin (stimulates movement of villi) 6. somatostatin (inhibits gastric contraction)
20
Q

How do monosaccarides leave the intestinal epithelium?

A

facilitated diffusion

21
Q

How do amino acids enter the intestinal epithelium??

A

with Sodium co-transporters, as activate transport.

Bi/ tripeptides are broken down inside the epithelial cells by enzymes.

22
Q

How are fats digested?

A
  1. Fat droplets are emulsified by bile salts.
  2. Lipase breaks down the fat/ bile salt complex into monoglycerides and free fatty acids.
  3. the monoglycerides and fatty acids combine with bile salts to form micelles.
  4. At the cell membrane the free fatty acids leave the micelles to enter the epithelium by diffusion
  5. Triglycerides are reassembled inside the cell to form chylomicrons for transportation
23
Q

what are micelles?

A

a very small droplet of triglyercide breakdown, surrounded by bile salt and lecithin.

24
Q

Chylomicrons leave the cell by …….. and enter the lymphatic …..

A

exocytosis

lacteal

25
Q

what three vitamins are produced by the large intestine bacteria?

A

Vitamin K - used for synthesising clotting factors
biotin - used in glucose metabolism
Vit B5 - used to manufacture steroid hormones and some neurotransmitters

26
Q

what inhibits gastric contractions when food enters the duodenum?

A

A drop in pH levels and duodenum distension inhibit the production of gastrin and thus inhibits stomach mobility and the production of HCL.
Called the Enterogastric Reflex

27
Q

What enters into the common bile duct (duodenum)

A

Bile Duct

Pancreatic duct

28
Q

What controls exocrine secretions from the pancreas?

A

hormones from the duodenum

29
Q

what does secretin do?

A

triggers a watery pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and phosphate buffer solution from the pancreas when chyme enters the duodenum.
Reduces gastric motility
(doesn’t stimulate enzymes so much).

30
Q

Name the most important duodenal hormone and its function

A

Cholecystokinin - stimulated by the presence of FATS.
Stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and the release of bile.
IMPORTANT; cholecystokinin also is stimulated by VAGUS nerve in stomach cephalic phase.

31
Q

name the pancreatic enzymes (4)

inactive proenzymes

A

carbohydrase
nuclease
pancreatic lipase
proteolytic enzymes

32
Q

Three BIG things to study with the LIVER

A
  1. metabolic regulation
  2. hematological regulation
  3. bile production
33
Q

The liver is the primary organ in regulating the ….

A

composition of circulating blood

34
Q

Liver cells extract ….. or ……. from the blood before it reaches the systemic circulation

A

nutrients

toxins

35
Q

where does bilirubin come from?

A

breakdown of erthrocytes

36
Q

hyperbilirubinemia - when bilirubin reaches what level?

A

> 3mg/dl (plasma bilirubin concentration)

37
Q

what does Gastric inhibitory peptide do?

A

stimulates insulin release by the pancreas
lipid synthesis and glycolysis
as well as inhibition of gastric activity

38
Q

what stimulates peristalsis?

A

motilin

39
Q

what stimulates movement of villi?

A

villikinin

40
Q

what SS inhibits gastric contraction?

A

somatostatin

41
Q

what causes hyperbilirubinanemia?

A

excessive RBC breakdown (also neonatally)
hepititis
blockage in bile ducts (therefore builds u into hepatic veins)

42
Q

what is glycogenesis?

A

conversion of glucose into glycogen

43
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

conversion of glycogen into glucose

44
Q

what proteins does the Liver manufacture?

A

albumin

blood clotting factors (prothrombin/ fibrinogen)

45
Q

what does the liver do to the bile to enable it to be secreted in the bile?

A

changes it from lipid soluble to water soluble.

46
Q

what happens to conjugated bilirubin in the LI

A

bacteria act on it. Some is excreted in the stools (stercobilin (90%). Some excreted in the urine (urobilin(10%)).

47
Q

what proteins are made in the Liver? (7)

A 
Albumin
Complement proteins
Hormones
thrombopoietin
Angiotensin
Anti-clotting ; prothrombin, fibrinogen
carrier proteins (eg. transferrin)

Physiology (13 decks)

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