physiology - cellular

Question 1

types of muscle tissue (3)

Answer 1

striated
smooth
cardiac

Question 2

primary tissues (4)

Answer 2

muscle
epithelial (forms membranes or glands)
nervous
connective

Question 3

types of connective tissue (4)

Answer 3

connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
blood

Question 4

functions of plasma membrane (4)

Answer 4

• physical isolation - maintain homeostasis
• exchange of things with the outside
• sensitive to environmental changes
• structural support to other membranes

Question 5

what is the plasma membrane?

Answer 5

phospholipid bilayer. Fluid mosaic model.
contains lipids, proteins (channels), cholesterol, carbohydrates.
phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Question 6

Proteins types in membrane (2)

Answer 6

Integral (transmembrane proteins)
Peripheral proteins
glucose requires trans-membrane transporters in order to enter the cell. called GLUT (GLUcose Transporter), GLUT4 is the most common, found in muscle and adipose cells.

Question 7

Functions of membrane proteins (5)

Answer 7

Receptor - binds to ligands that can trigger changes in the cell.
Enzyme (integral or peripheral proteins). Catalyse reactions in cytosol or extracellular fluid
Channel
Gate
Cell-identity marker (glycoproteins)

Question 8

Anchoring proteins

Answer 8

Inside cell - bound to the cytoplasm via filaments to give structure
Outside cell - bound to other membranes/ cells to create tissues.

Question 9

Carrier proteins

Answer 9

Diffusion (passive) or requires ATP (active)
Glucose enters passively, Sodium (Na) and Calcium require ATP to exit into extracellular fluid.
May just be a Gate.

Question 10

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 10

Some proteins have fixed location (rafts)
Some integral proteins drift across the cell membrane.
Constant remodelling of plasma membrane

Question 11

Role of carbohydrates (3%) in plasma membrane

Answer 11

Carbohyrates extend out of cell membrane (called glycocalyx). Used for :
Lubrication and protection
anchoring and locomotion
Specificity in binding.
Recognition.

Question 12

sodium/ potassium pump

Answer 12

active transport of sodium and potassium

Question 13

Large molecule transportation

Answer 13

vesicles; endocytosis and exocytosis

Eg. polypeptides

Question 14

non-membraneous organelles (5)

Answer 14

cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes

Question 15

membraneous organelles

Answer 15

endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochrondria

Question 16

cytoskeleton

Answer 16

Internal network of proteins to give strength and flexibility.

Question 17

Ribosomes (two subunits)

Answer 17

produce proteins from messenger RNA. Located in cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomal RNA molecules serve as enzymes for protein synthesis, and proteins.

Question 18

Smooth E R

Answer 18

site for enzyme reactions, storage and synthesis

Question 19

Lysosomes

Answer 19

cleanup and recycling of cell. Lack of a specific lysosomal enzyme can cause build up of waste products.

Question 20

Mitochondria

Answer 20

produce ATP - adenosine triphosphate

Contains their own DNA - therefore originally a separate organism?

Question 21

Trans-membrane protein transporters and glucose uptake

Answer 21

GLUT4 is the most common and found in muscle and adipose tissue. Insulin binds to insulin receptors on the cell surface and this increases the number of GLUT proteins (glucose transporters)