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Lower extremity > The Leg > Flashcards

The Leg Flashcards

1
Q

Compartments of the leg

A

Anterior, lateral, posterior compartments

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2
Q

Which structure separates the anterior and posterior compartments?

A

Interosseous membrane

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3
Q

Which structure separates the anterior and lateral compartments?

A

Anterior intermuscular septum

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4
Q

Which structure separates the lateral and posterior compartments?

A

Posterior intermuscular septum

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5
Q

The strong, broad band of deep fascia, passing from the fibula to tibia, proximal to the malleoli to prevent anterior bowstringing of the tendons during dorsiflexion

A

Superior extensor retinaculum

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6
Q

Function of the retinaculum on the ankle joints

A

Prevents ankle joints from bowstringing anteriorly during dorsiflexion of the joint

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7
Q

The Y-shaped band of deep fascia that attaches to the anterosuperior surface of the calcaneous to loop aroung the tendons of the fibularis tertius and the extensor digitorum longus muscles

A

Inferior extensor retinaculum

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8
Q

Dorsiflexion of the ankle has a range of how much from neutral?

A

about 20 degrees

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9
Q

Which muscle controls the lowering of the forefoot to the floor following heel strike?

A

Tibialis anterior

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10
Q

The most medial and superficial dorsiflexor

A

Tibialis anterior

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11
Q

The strongest dorsiflexor

A

Tibialis anterior

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12
Q

Tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior are synergists in flexing the ankle. T/F

A

F

They are antagonists at the ankle joint, but synergists in inverting the foot.

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13
Q

Muscle that acts as synergist to tibialis anterior when inverting the foot

A

Tibialis posterior

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14
Q

Most lateral of the anterior leg muscles

A

Extensor digitorum longus

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15
Q

The muscle whose tendon attaches to the 5th metatarsal instead of to a phalanx

A

Fibularis tertius

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16
Q

Fibularis tertius is not always present. T/F

A

T

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17
Q

Innervation of the anterior compartment

A

Deep fibular nerve

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18
Q

Actions of the tibialis anterior

A

Dorsiflexes ankle,

Inverts foot

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19
Q

Actions of fibularis tetrius

A

Dorsiflexes ankle,

Everts foot

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20
Q

Actions of extensor digitorum longus

A

Dorsiflexes ankle,

Extends lateral four digits

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21
Q

Actions of extensor hallucis longus

A

Dorsiflexes ankle,

Extends big toe

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22
Q

Extensor hallucis longus is deep between which muscles superiorly?

A

Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus

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23
Q

Innervation of the tibialis anterior

A

Deep fibular nerve

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24
Q

Innervation of the fibularis tertius

A

Deep fibular nerve

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25
Q

Innervation of extensor digitorum longus

A

Deep fibular nerve

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26
Q

Innervation of extensor hallucis longus

A

Deep fibular nerve

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27
Q

The deep fibular nerve is a branch of which nerve?

A

Common fibular nerve

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28
Q

The terminal branches of the common fibular nerve

A

Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve and deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

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29
Q

The deep peroneal nerve arises between which structures?

A

The fibularis longus muscle and the neck of the fibula

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30
Q

The deep peroneal nerve accompanies which muscle when it enters the anterior compartment?

A

Tibialis anterior

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31
Q

Proximally, the deep peroneal nerve is between which muscles?

A

Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus

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32
Q

Distally, the deep peroneal nerve is between which muscles?

A

Tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus

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33
Q

The deep fibular nerve innervates which structures

A

Anterior muscles of the leg (TA, EHL, FT, EDL), dorsum of foot, skin of first interdigital cleft, joints it crosses

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34
Q

Lesion of the deep fibular nerve results in which inability?

A

Dorsiflex ankle (foot drop)

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35
Q

Which artery supplies the anterior compartment?

A

Anterior tibial artery

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36
Q

Arterial supply of the fibularis tertius

A

Anterior tibial artery

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37
Q

Arterial supply of the extensor digitorum longus

A

Anterior tibial artery

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38
Q

Arterial supply of the extensor hallucis longus

A

Anterior tibial artery

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39
Q

Arterial supply of the tibialis anteior

A

Anterior tibial artery

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40
Q

The anterior tibial artery supplies which muscles?

A

Anterior compartment (tibialis anterior, fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus)

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41
Q

The anterior tibial artery is the smaller terminal branch of which artery

A

Popliteal artery

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42
Q

At the ankle joint, midway between the malleoli the anterior tibial artery becomes which artery?

A

Dorsal pedis artery

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43
Q

The smallest (narrowest) compartment of the leg

A

Lateral compartment

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44
Q

The lateral compartment ends inferiorly with the superior extensor retinaculum. T/F

A

F

It ends with the superior fibular retinaculum.

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45
Q

The superior fibular retinaculum spans which structures?

A

The distal tip of the fibula and the calcaneous

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46
Q

The fibularis brevis and fibularis longus enter a common synovial sheath to accommodate their passage between the superior fibular retinaculum and the lateral malleolus. T/F

A

T

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47
Q

Muscles of the lateral compartment

A

Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis

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48
Q

Action of the muscles of the lateral compartment

A 
Evertion of the foot,
Plantarflexes ankle (weakly)
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49
Q

Action of fibularis longus

A 
Evertion of the foot,
Plantarflexes ankle (weakly)
50
Q

Action of fibularis brevis

A 
Evertion of the foot,
Plantarflexes ankle (weakly)
51
Q

More superficial of the two fibularis muscles

A

Fibularis longus

52
Q

When a person stands on one foot, the fibularis longus helps steady the leg on the foot. T/F

53
Q

Fibularis tertius is a slip muscle from which muscle?

A

Extensor digitorum longus

54
Q

Innervation of the lateral compartment

A

Superficial fibular nerve

55
Q

Innervation of the fibularis brevis muscle

A

Superficial fibular nerve

56
Q

Innervation of the fibularis longus muscle

A

Superficial fibular nerve

57
Q

The superficial fibular nerve is a terminal branch of which nerve?

A

Common fibular /peroneal nerve

58
Q

The lateral compartment has no arteries coursing though it. T/F

59
Q

The lateral compartment gets its blood supply from which vessels?

A

Perforating vessels of the anterior tibial vessels and femoral vessels

60
Q

Which structure does the perforating arteries of the tibial artery pierce proximally to supply and drain the lateral compartment?

A

Anterior intermuscular septum

61
Q

Which structure does the perforating vessels of the femoral vessels pierce distally to supply and drain the lateral compartment?

A

Posterior intermuscular septum

62
Q

The largest of the three leg compartments

A

Posterior compartment

63
Q

Which structure divides the posterior compartment into superficial and deep?

A

Transverse intermuscular septum

64
Q

Innervation of the posterior compartment

A

Tibial nerve

65
Q

The blood vessels and nerve supplying the posterior compartment pass through the deep subcompartment. T/F

66
Q

Plantarflexion is four times stronger than dorsiflexion. T/F

67
Q

Superficial muscles of the posterior compartment

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

68
Q

Muscles which compose triceps surae

A

Two heads of gastrocnemius, soleus

69
Q

You stroll with the soleus but win the long jump with the gastocnemius. T/F

70
Q

The most superficial muscle in the posterior compartment

A

Gastrocnemius

71
Q

Most prominent part of the calf

A

Gastrocnemius

72
Q

Gastrocnemius has mostly what type of fibers

A

White, fast-twitch/ type 2

73
Q

The gastrocnemius can act on the knee and on the ankle, but not at the same time. T/F

74
Q

The gastrocnemius functions most effectively when?

A

When knee is extended

75
Q

Workhorse of plantarflexion

76
Q

The soleus can plantarflex the ankle independent of the position of the knee. T/F

77
Q

The gastrocnemius plantarflexes the ankle when the knee is flexed. T/F

A

F

It plantarflexes ankle when the knee is extended.

78
Q

Actions of the gastrocnemius

A

Plantarflexes ankle when knee is extended;
Flexes leg,
Raises heel when walking

79
Q

Actions of soleus

A

Plantarflexes ankle independent of the position of the knee, steadies leg on foot

80
Q

The soleus can act on the knee joint. T/F

81
Q

The soleus acts alone when the knee is flexed. T/F

82
Q

Which muscles pulls bones of the foot posteriorly when the foot is planted?

83
Q

Innervation of the plantaris

A

Tibial nerve

84
Q

Innervation of the gastrocnemius

A

Tibial nerve

85
Q

Innervation of the soleus

A

Tibial nerve

86
Q

Predominant muscle fibers of the soleus

A

Slow-twitch type/ type 1

87
Q

During symmetrical standing, the soleus is continuously active. T/F

88
Q

The plantaris acts with gastrocnemius but is insignificant as either flexor of knee or plantarflexor of ankle. T/F

89
Q

The tendon of which muscle is known as “freshman’s nerve”?

90
Q

The plantaris muscle causes disability when removed. T/F

A

F

It can be removed for grafting.

91
Q

Deep muscles of the posterior compartment

A

Popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior

92
Q

During flexion of the knee, popliteus muscle assists in pulling posteriorly which structure of the knee joint?

A

Lateral meniscus

93
Q

Which structure of the knee joint does the popliteus assist in pulling to prevent anterior displacement of the femur on the inclines tibial plateau when a person is standing with the knee partly flexed?

A

Posterior crucial ligament (PCL)

94
Q

Innervation of the popliteus muscle

A

Tibial nerve

95
Q

Action of the popliteus mucle

A

Flexes knee 5 degrees on fixed tibia to unlock it,

Medially rotates tibia of unplanted limb

96
Q

The powerful flexor of all the joints of the great toe

A

Flexor hallucis longus

97
Q 
The tendon that goes behind the medial malleolus
A. tibialis anterior
B. flexor hallucis longus
C. peronius longus
D. achilles tendon
98
Q

Fibularis brevis and longus produce the same action. T/F

A

T

Evertion of foot,
Plantarflexes ankle (weakly)
99
Q

This muscle delivers the final thrust of the preswing phase of the gait cycle via flexion of the great toe

A

Flexor hallucis longus

100
Q

The distal tendon of the FHL passes posterior the distal end of which bone?

101
Q

Which bones protects the FHL tendon from pressure of the head of the 1st metatarsal bone?

A

Sesamoid bones (2)

102
Q

Which is smaller FDL or FHL?

103
Q

The direction of pull of the FDL is realigned by which muscle?

A

Quadratus plantae muscle

104
Q

Tibialis posterior attaches primarily to which tarsal bone?

A

Navicular bone

105
Q

Action of the flexor hallucis longus

A 
Flexes all joints of the great toe,
Plantarflexes ankle (weakly),
Supports medial longitudinal arch
106
Q

Action of flexor digitorum longus

A

Flexes lateral digits,
Plantarflexes ankle,
Supports longitudinal arch

107
Q

Action of tibialis posterior

A

Plantarflexes ankle,
Inverts foot,
Support medial longitudinal arch during weight bearing

108
Q

Deepest muscle in the posterior compartment

A

Tibialis posterior

109
Q

At the ankle, the tibial nerve lies between the tendons of which muscles?

A

FHL and FDL

110
Q

The medial sural cutaneous nerve is a branch of which nerve?

A

Tibial nerve

111
Q

The medial sural nerve is joined by which nerve to form the sural nerve?

A

Sural communicating branch of the common fibular nerve

112
Q

The sural nerve is the union of which nerves?

A

Sural communicating branch of the common fibular nerve and the medial sural cutaneous nerve

113
Q

What does the sural nerve supply?

A

The skin of the lateral and posterior part of the inferior third of the leg,
Lateral side of the foot

114
Q

Arterial supply of the posterior compartment

A

Posterior tibial artery

115
Q

The posterior tibial artery is a branch of which artery?

A

Popliteal artery

116
Q

The largest branch of the posterior tibial artery

A

Fibular artery

117
Q

The fibular artery is a branch of which artery

A

Posterior tibial artery

118
Q

Increase pressure in the anterior compartment (legs), compresses what structure?
A. Anterior tibial artery
B. Posterior tibial artery
C. Peroneal artery

119
Q 
A middle aged badminton player felt a snap when he lunged to hit the ball. Afterwards, he could no longer tiptoe on his affected foot. What structure is affected?
A. deltoid ligament
B. Anterior talofibular ligament
C. Tendon of achilles
D. peroneal tendons
120
Q

Deep to the flexor retinaculum and the origin of the abductor hallucis, the posterior tibial artery divides into these arteries

A

Medial and lateral plantar arteries

121
Q

The largest and most important branch of the tibial artery

A

Fibular artery

122
Q

The nutrient artery of the fibula arises from this artery

A

Fibular artery

Lower extremity (5 decks)

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