Bones of the lower limb Flashcards
How many phalanges does the great toe have?
Two
Which digits of the toe have three phalanges?
All except the great toe
The final orientation of the lower limbs when completely developed
Medially rotated, permanently pronated
Body weight is transferred from the vertebral column to the pelvic girdle through which structures?
Sacroiliac joints
Body weight is transferred from the pelvic girdle to the femur through which structures?
Hip joint
Orientation of the femur to support erect bipedal posture
Oblique, inferomedially oriented
The femurs of females are slightly less oblique than those of males, reflecting the greater width of their pelves. T/F
F
Females have more oblique femurs, reflecting the greater width of their pelves.
Bone that transfers weight from knee joint to ankle joint
Tibia
Function of the fibula
Provides muscle attachment
Contributes to formation of the ankle joint
Which bone distributes weight evenly between the heel and the forefoot when standing, creating a flexible but stable platform to support the body ?
Talus
How many secondary centers of ossification appear later in the development of the hip?
5
Type of cartilage that joins the three hip bones at birth
Hyaline cartilage
When do the two parts of the ischiopubic rami fuse?
9th year
Age when hip bones begin to fuse
15 to 17
Age when fusion of hip bones is complete
20 to 25
Little or no trace of the lines of fusion of the primary bones of the hip is visible in older adults. T/F
T
The largest bone of the pelvis
Ilium
The part of the pelvic bone on which the weight of the body rests when sitting
Ischial tuberosity
The posteroinferior part of the pelvis
Ischium
The anteromedial part of the pelvis
Pubis
The obturator foramen is closed by the thin strong obturator membrane. T/F
T
The ASIS is palpable even in obese people. T/F
T
The technical term for sakang or bow-legged
Genu varum
The technical term for Pike or knock-knee
Genu valgum
The iliac crest is palpable in obese people. T/F
F
The area over the dimple of your buttocks
PSIS
Which part of the femur articulates with the acetabulum?
Head of the femur
Longest and heaviest bone of the body
Femur
The angle of inclination is least at birth. T/F
F
It is greatest at birth, becoming more acute in adulthood.
The angle of inclination is greater in females because of the wider lesser pelvis. T/F
F
Angle of inclination is less in females for greater mobility of femur at hip joint for giving birth.
When your hands are on your hips, on which bony landmark do they rest?
Iliac crest
Which is easier to palpate, the anterior third of the iliac crest or its posterior two-thirds?
Anterior third
At which position is the ASIS easier to palpate? And why?
When sitting; the muscles attached to them are relaxed
Bony marker for the widest point of the iliac crest
Iliac tubercle
The skin dimples that mark the PSIS are useful areas for palpating the sacroiliac joints in search of edema or local tenderness. T/F
T
The PSIS portion of the iliac crest is the source of bone marrow and pieces of bone for graphs. T/F
T
The ischial tuberosity is easily palpated when the thigh is extended. T/F
F
It is when the thigh is flexed, as in sitting.
The prominences of the great trocanter is normally responsible for the width of the adult pelvis. T/F
T
When you lie on your side on a hard surface, the discomfort caused by the pressure of the bone on the skin is due to which part of the limb bones?
The greater trochanter
The second largest bone in the body
Tibia
Which is lateral: tibia or fibula?
Fibula
Which structure attaches the fibula to the tibia?
Tibiofibular syndemosis
The prominence on the medial side of the ankle
Medial malleolus
The prominence on the lateral side of the ankle
Lateral malleolus
How many tarsal bones, metatarsal bones and phalanges in a foot?
7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, 14 phalanges
The seven tarsus
Talus (1), calcaneus (1), cuboid (1), navicular (1), cuniform (3)
Which bone of the tarsus articulates with the leg bone
Talus
The only tarsal bone with no muscular nor tendinous attachments
Talus
Largest and strongest bone in the foot
Calcaneous
Which structure covers most of the surface of the talus?
Articular cartilage
Which bone articulates with the talus and the cuboid?
Calcaneous
The most lateral bone in the distal row of the tarsus
Cuboid
Which cuneiform bone is the largest?
Medial cuneiform
Which cuneiform bone is the smallest?
Intermediate cuneiform
The longest metatarsal bone
Second metatarsal
Pelvic fractures are fractures of the hip bone. T/F
T
The term “hip fractures” is most commonly applied to fractures of the femoral, head, neck, or trochanters. T/F
T
Fracture when a small part of bone with a piece of a tendon or ligament attached is torn away
Avulsion fractures
Avulsion fractures occur where muscles are attached. T/F
T
Some areas where avulsion fractures occur are the anterior superior and inferior iliac spines, ischial tuberosities, and ischopubic rami. T/F
T
What is coxa valga?
The increase in the angle of inclination of the femur
What is coxa vara?
The decrease in the angle of inclination of the femur
Coxa valga causes a mild shortening of the lower limb and limits passive abduction of the hip. T/F
F
Coxa vara causes that.
Why is the neck of the femur most frequently fractured?
Because it is the narrowest and weakest part of the bone and it lies at a marked angle to the line of weight-bearing/ pull of gravity.
Muscles that attach to the linea aspera of the femur
Adductor muscles, biceps femoris short head
The only muscle of the adductor group that crosses both knee joint and hip joint
Gracilis muscle
Which muscle inserts into the adductor tubercle?
Adductor magnus
The adductor tubercle is found on which part of the femur?
Medial condyle
Why are bursae are located in areas subject to friction?
To reduce friction and permit free movement
The bursae that separates superior fibers of the gluteus maximus from the greater trochanter
Trochanteric bursa
Largest bursa formed in relation to bony prominences and is present at birth
Trochanteric bursa
Bursa separating the inferior part of the gluteus maximus from the ischial tuberosity and is often absent
Ischial bursa
Bursa separating the iliotibial tract from the superior part of the proximal attachment of the vastus lateralis
Gluteofemoral bursa
The acetabular labrum adds depth to the acetabulum. T/F
T
The posterior part of the femoral capsule
Ischio-femoral ligament
The anterior part of the femoral capsule
Ilio-femoral ligament
The main blood supply of the femoral head in the adult is from the
A. deep circumflex iliac artery
B. obturator artery
C. medial femoral circumflex artery
D. lateral femoral circumflex artery
C
The piriformis muscle exits the pelvis through this foramen
Greater sciatic foramen
The obturator internus exits the perineum through this foramen
Lesser sciatic foramen
The adductor hiatus is found between these two distal attachments of the adductor magnus
Linea aspera and adductor tuberosity
Opening through which the obturator internus exits
Lesser sciatic foramen
This structure connects the iliotibial tract to the femur
Lateral intermuscular septum
How many bones are there in the pelvic girdle?
6
Two innominate bones, with each innominate bone is composed of three bones
How many types of articulations are there in the pelvic girdle?
2
Syndemosis and symphysis
The articulation of the fibula and tibia
Distal and proximal tibio-fibular joint
The notch separating the condyles of the femur
Interchondylar notch
The quadriceps tendon inserts on which part of the tibia?
Tibial tubercle
Calcaneal tendon is also known as Achilles tendon. T/F
T
The most powerful tendon in the body
Calcaneous tendon (Achilles tendon)
