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Vocal Ped: Research > The Larynx > Flashcards

The Larynx Flashcards

0
Q

2 types of laryngeal musculature

A

INTRINSIC Musculature - interconnects cartilages of the larynx
EXTRINSIC Musculature - connects larynx to other surrounding structures, e.g. Sternum, hyoid bone, mastoid process, etc. (STRAP MUSCLES)

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1
Q

Name the 4 main cartilages of the larynx

A

Cricoid
Thyroid
Epiglottis
Arytenoids

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2
Q

List Larynx’s 5 Intrinsic Muscles

A

Thyroarytenoid muscle -
2 parts:
Vocalis - medial tensing (helps with pitch control)
Thyromuscularis - quick shortening

Cricothyroid muscle
2 parts:
Pars recta -
Pars oblique - extends to inferior cornu of thyroid

Lateral cricoarytenoids

Posterior cricoarytenoids

Interarytenoid

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3
Q

Thyroarytenoid muscle

A

Attached below thyroid notch

Attachment is called Anterior Commissure

Theoretically divided into 2 parts:
Vocalis - medial tensing (helps with pitch control)
Thyromuscularis - quick shortening

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4
Q

Cricothyroid muscle

A

Stretches vocal folds

Originates at anterior arch of cricoid

Main pitch control - elevates cricoid arch, depresses thyroid lamina

2 parts (pars recta & pars oblique)

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5
Q

Cricoarytenoid muscles

A

Lateral cricoarytenoids - primary adductor
Closes from vocal processes to anterior commissure

Posterior cricoarytenoids - primary abductor

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6
Q

Interarytenoid Muscle

A

connects 2 arytenoids
Aids Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle - closes posterior glottis

2 fiber directions
Transverse (==)
Oblique (X)

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7
Q

Extrinsic Musculature

A

2 main groups: elevators and depressors
Act as suspensory mechanism (elastic scaffolding)
Another division: supra-hyoid (above) & infra-hyoid (below)

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8
Q

5 Depressors

A

Sternothyroid -primary or direct depressor

Sternohyoid - secondary or indirect depressor (can compress tissue between thyroid and hyoid)

Omohyoid - depresses and retracts hyoid (runs from scapula to hyoid)

Cricopharyngeus - lower sides of cricoid to junction of pharynx and esophagus (May widen lower pharynx)

Trachea - exerts gravitational pull as diaphragm descends (aka Tracheal Pull)

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9
Q

2 False elevators

A

Digastric - 2 sections
Anterior - chin to hyoid (retracts mandible)
Posterior - hyoid to mastoid process (elevates hyoid)

Stylohyoid - elevates and retracts hyoid (hence, the larynx)

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10
Q

6 Elevators

A

Mylohyoid & Hyoglossus - hyoid bone to tongue

Geniohyoid - mental spine (chin) to hyoid

Genioglossus - mental spine (chin) to lower surface of tongue and hyoid

Both genioglossus and Hyoglossus move hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage forward which stretches the vocal folds (important for higher frequencies)

Stylopharyngeus - styoid process (behind jaw) to palatopharyngeus to superior Cornu of thyroid
dilates and elevates pharynx/ tilts thyroid forward
Helps both with glottal closure and maximum vocal fold elongation
Essential for optimal high voice production

Thyrohyoid - either depressor or elevator (elevates larynx or depresses hyoid)

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11
Q

Innervation

A

connection btw brain and body by means of the central nervous system

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12
Q

Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)

A

Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) - longest and most complex of cranial nerves

Leaves brain and skull through same opening as jugular vein - winds through neck into thorax and upper abdomen

Two branches of vagus nerve innervate larynx:

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13
Q

Two branches of vagus nerve innervate larynx:

A

Superior laryngeal nerve - leaves vagus just about larynx
2 branches:
Internal - enters through thyrohyoid membrane (supplies laryngeal mucosa (detects foreign objects/tickle sensation))
External - motor nerve - descends behind Sternothyroid muscle (supplies cricothyroid muscle)

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve - motor nerve
Leaves vagus well below larynx in upper thorax
Supplies remaining laryngeal muscles
2 branches: left & right
Left Side–significantly longer
Nervous signals arrive first to right side (only slight delay)
May be linked w/ vibrato

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14
Q

2 layer scheme of vocal fold soft tissue

A
  1. Cover: epithelium, superficial layer, intermediate later

2. Body: deep layer, muscle

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15
Q

5 layer scheme of vocal fold soft tissue

A

From outside in:

  1. Epithelium
  2. Superficial layer
  3. Intermediate layer
  4. Deep layer
  5. Muscle
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16
Q

3 layer scheme of vocal fold soft tissue

A
  1. Mucosa (epithelium & superficial layer)
  2. Ligament (intermediate layer & deep layer)
  3. Muscle (muscle)
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17
Q

Bundles of muscle tissue

A

Muscle fascicles

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18
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Acid present in vocal folds helping protect from impact

More present in male than female

19
Q

Epithelium

A 
.05-.1mm 
Stratified squamous (layered, scale-like)
20
Q

3 layers of the lamina propria, their thickness and composition

A

Superficial (.5mm), elastin
Intermediate, primarily elastin, also some collagen
Deep, collagen

Intermediate + Deep = 1-2mm

21
Q

Thickness of thyroarytenoid muscle (vocalis)

A

7-8mm

22
Q

Quadrangular membrane

A

Secretes lube for the vocal folds

23
Q

2 parts of thyroarytenoid muscle

A

Vocalis - medial tensing (helps with pitch control)

Thyromuscularis - quick shortening

24
Q

Attachment of the thyroarytenoid muscle is called?

A

Anterior commisure

25
Q

Nerve branch that serves the cricothyroid muscle

A

External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

26
Q

2 parts of cricothyroid muscle

A

Pars recta - extends to lower border of thyroid lamina

Pars oblique - extends to inferior cornu of thyroid

27
Q

Scalene muscles

A

cervical spine to 1st two ribs

Postural and serves respiratory function by helping to elevate upper thorax.

28
Q

What are false elevators?

A

muscles whose use produces excess tongue and pharyngeal tension

29
Q

2 chest voice conditions

A

Very small longitudinal tension

Very little elongation of the vocal folds

30
Q

2 chest voice characteristics

A

Slack vocal ligaments

Thick vocal folds

31
Q

3 chest voice characteristics

A

Large amplitudes (glottis opens widely between vibrations)

Firm glottal closure

Vertical phase differences (opens and closes at bottom first, followed by top)

32
Q

2 falsetto voice conditions

A

Great longitudinal tension and medial compression

Great elongation of the vocal folds

33
Q

2 falsetto voice consequences

A

Tense vocal ligaments

Thin vocal folds

34
Q

3 falsetto voice characteristics

A

Small amplitudes

Imperfect glottal closure

Negligible vertical phase differences

35
Q

2 sections of the digastric muscle

A

Anterior - chin to hyoid (retracts mandible)

Posterior - hyoid to mastoid process (elevates hyoid)

36
Q

Primary or direct depressor

A

Sternothyroid

37
Q

Secondary or indirect depressor (can compress tissue between thyroid and hyoid)

A

Sternohyoid

38
Q

Elevator muscle that helps both with glottal closure and maximum vocal fold elongation

Essential for optimal high voice production

A

Stylopharyngeus

39
Q

Describe thyroid cartilage

A

2 plates fused together/shaped like a shield
Inferior Cornu - joined flexibly to cricoid
Superior Cornu - loosely jointed with hyoid bone
Adam’s apple or thyroid notch - apex

40
Q

Describe arytenoid cartilages

A

2 triangular pyramids resting on upper edge on back of cricoid

Glide medially and laterally, rotate, glide anteriorly and posteriorly

Vocal process and muscular process

Corniculate cartilage at top of structure

41
Q

Describe the epiglottis

A

Very elastic, cartilaginous material

Shaped like leaf or tongue of a shoe

Attaches just above the vocal folds (anterior of the thyroid cartilage)

Pulled down during swallowing by Aryepiglottic folds and back of tongue

42
Q

Describe the cricoid cartilage

A

shaped like a signet ring/sits on top of the trachea

43
Q

False Vocal Folds

A

Ventricular Folds
Primary purpose is to assist vocal folds in closing the airway
Difficult to control, not much muscle fiber
Upper border of Ventricles of morgagni and below them is glands secreting lube onto vocal folds

44
Q

Describe the hyoid bone

A

Horseshoe shaped bone located above the thyroid

Connected to thyroid by the thyroid membrane

Only free floating bone in the body

Suspended by the strap muscles

Vocal Ped: Research (6 decks)

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