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AoL > The knee, leg, ankle and foot > Flashcards

The knee, leg, ankle and foot Flashcards

1
Q

State the bones in tis region

A 
The femur
The tibia
The fibula
The patella
The bones of the foot
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2
Q

Which bone in the leg lies most medially

A

Tibia

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3
Q

Which bone in the leg contains the lateral malleolus and what about medial malleolus

A

The fibula lateral

The tibia the medial

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4
Q

What is the name of the prominences at the proxumal end of the tibia, between the articulations

A

The intercondylar tubercles

of the intercondylar eminence

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5
Q

Where is the gerdy tubercle and why is it important

A

It’s located anterolaterally on the proximal end of the tibia

Iliotibial tract of the fascia lata attaches to it

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6
Q

Why is there an opening in the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula at the proximal part of the leg

A

Openng for anterior tibial vessels

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7
Q

Where is the tibial tuberosity and why is it important

A

Anterior on the tibia, below the condyles

Important because the patellar ligament attaches here

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8
Q

What are the names for the articulartion areas with the femur at the proximal end of the tibia

A

the medial and lateral tibial plateau

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9
Q

What is the name for the articulation areas with the femur at the proximal end of the fibular

A

There isn’t one!

The fibular only articulates with the articular facet of the tibia (posteriorly), not with the femur

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10
Q

Which part of the fibula contacts the tibia proximally

A

Head of tibia

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11
Q

Why is there a groove on the distal, posterior part of the tibia

A

Groove for tibialis posterior tendon

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12
Q

How do the fibular and tibia articulate distally

A

The fibula occupies the Fibular notch of the tibia

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13
Q

What is the name of the distal fibular articular surface and what bone does it articulate with

A

The fibular articular surface

Articulates with the talus bone distally (as does the tibia)

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14
Q

What is the heel bone called

A

Calcaneus

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15
Q

What is teh name of the bone in the foot with which the fibula and tibia articulate with

A

The talus

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16
Q

Which bones does the talus articulate with

A

Fibula, tibia, calcaneus and navicular

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17
Q

What are the names of the bones found between the talus and the metatarsals

A

navicular (medial), cuboid (distal) and cunei forms (medial in front of the navicular)

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18
Q

How are the metatarsals labelled

A

1-5 from medial to lateral (NOTE, DIFFERENT FROM THE HAND)

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19
Q

How many proximal, middle distal phalanges

A

5 proximal,
4 middle (2-5)
5 distal

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20
Q

What is the transverse tarsal joint between

A

The tarsal, and the cuboid and navicular and calcaneus

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21
Q

What is the tarsometatarsal joint between

A

Cuneiforms 1-3 and cuboid and the 5 metatarsals

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22
Q

What is the prominence on the lateral side of the foot (distally)

A

The tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal

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23
Q

Where is the groove for flexor hallucis longus

A

between the talus and the calcaneus on the dorsal surface through to the plantar

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24
Q

What grooves can be seen on the plantar aspect of the foot

A

The groove for fibularis longus betneath the 5th metatarsal (so laterally)

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25
Q

T/F there are sesamoid bones on the plantary durface of the foot. If so, where

A

Yes, on the jojnt between the first metatarsal and first proximal phalanx of the foot, there are two!

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26
Q

Explain the makeup of the foot laterally and medially

A

Medially, the hindfoot is the calanue and talus. The mid foot contains the cuboid, nacirular and cuneiforms

There is a large gap between the tarsometatarsal and the transverse tarsal line

Laterally, there’s basically just calcaneus and then the 5th metatarsal in a 50% ratio.

Look at the diagram and compare images on slide 6 and 7

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27
Q

In which muscle are the sesamoids located

A

flexor hallucis brevis

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28
Q

Name the compartments of the leg

A

Anterior compartment of the leg
Lateral compartment of the leg
Posterior compartment of the leg

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29
Q

Outline the intrinsic muscles of the foot

A

Sole – 4 layers

Dorsum – 2 muscles

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30
Q

Which muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh act on the knee and to what effect

A

EXTENSORS:

Tensor fasciae latae
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
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31
Q

Which muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh act on the knee and to what effect

A

Gracilis

flexes the leg at the knee

medial rotator (at the hip) when the knee is flexed (just as a side note)

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32
Q

Which muscls in the posterior compartment of the thigh act across the knee and to what effect

A

KNEE FLEXORS

Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris

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33
Q

State the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Ankle Dorsiflexors (extensors)

Tibialis Anterior

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Extensor hallucis Longus

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34
Q

Which important nerves and vessels are present in the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Deep Peroneal Nerve (branch of the comon peroneal nerve which is a branch of the sciatic nerve)

Anterior Tibial Artery (begins from bifurcation of the popliteal artery)

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35
Q

Which is the largest muscle in the anterior comaprtment of the leg

A

Tibialis anterior

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36
Q

Muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg are innervated by

A

Deep Peroneal Nerve

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37
Q

T/f the extensor digitorum longus muscles on the dorsal foot form extensor expansions

A

T

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38
Q

Where is the deep peroneal nerve found in the foot

A

Along with the dorsal pedis artery…. lateral to the densons of extensor hallucis longus

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39
Q

Which muscles are present in the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Peroneus Longus

Peroneus brevis

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40
Q

Which arteries and nerves are found in the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Superficial Peroneal Nerve

Peroneal Artery

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41
Q

Why does it matter that the peroneus longus muscle is oblique

A

Because the oblique course of the tendon across teh plantar aspect of the foot helps maintain the foot’s lateral longitudinal and transverse arches

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42
Q

How is the peroneus brevis muscle helpful in walking

A

It helps balance the foot and supprt weight by compensating for inversion

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43
Q

Outline the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg

A

Anterior compartment muscles extend (dorsiflex) the foot at the ankle joint and extend the digits. Supplied by the deep branch of the peroneal nerve.

Lateral compartment muscles evert the foot and can contribute to dorsiflexion.

44
Q

Which muscles are present in the posterior compartment of the leg and what is their function

A

Ankle plantarflexors

Superficial:
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

Deep:
Popliteus
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Tibialis Posterior
45
Q

What important nerves and vessels are present in the posterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibial nerve

Posterior Tibial Artery

46
Q

What is the triceps surae

A

Gastrocnemius (2 heads) and Soleus (1 head) together form Triceps Surae whose distal tendon is tendocalcaneus (Achilles tendon).

47
Q

Outline the muscles of the foot

A

The sole:

4 layers
Intrinsic Muscles
Tibial nerve

Dorsum of the foot:
EDB, EHB
EDB by Common peroneal nerve

48
Q

What is found on layer 1 of the foot

A

Flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi

49
Q

What is fond in layer 2 of the foot

A

Lumbricals 1-4

Flexor hallucis longus tendon

Flexor digitorum longus tendons

Quadratus plantae

50
Q

What is found on layer 3 of the foot

A

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Flexor hallucis brevis

Adductor hallucis (transverse and oblique head)

51
Q

What is present in 4th layer of foot

A

Plantar interossei

Dorsal interossei

52
Q

Which muscles are found on the vorsal surface of the foot

A

Extensor hallucis brevis extensor digitorum brevis

53
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa

A

Superomedial border – semimembranosus.
Superolateral border – biceps femoris.
Inferomedial border – medial head of the gastrocnemius.
Inferolateral border – lateral head of the gastrocnemius and plantaris.

Skin and fascia= roof
Femur (knee joint?)= floor

54
Q

What is contained within the politeal fossa

A

The nerves are more superficial than the vessels here

Popliteal artery and vein
Tibial Nerve and Common Peroneal Nerve
Short saphenous vein
Popliteal lymph nodes
Sural nerve
55
Q

……

A

…….

56
Q

What is the largest joint

A

The knee joint is largest joint; superficial; primarily a hinge-type synovial joint with some gliding, rolling and rotation.

57
Q

T/F articulation between femur and tibia preduct a stable arrangement

A

F…. Has been described as two balls sitting on a warped table.

58
Q

Outline the important ligaments of the knee joint

A

Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial collateral ligament
Lateral Collateral Ligament

59
Q

What is the medial collateral ligament continuous with

A

The medial meniscus

60
Q

The tendon of which miscle can be found next to the lateral collateral ligament

A

Tendon of the popliteus muscle

61
Q

What are the significant bursae of the knee

A

Pre-patellar bursa
Pre-patellar bursa
Popliteal bursa

62
Q

T/F the axis of the femur is te same as the axis of the tibia

A

F… look at diagram

63
Q

Where does the head of the fibula articulate with the femur

A

It does not

64
Q

T/f the condyles of the femur are aligned in the horizontal plane

A

T

65
Q

What is found above the medial epicondyle of the femur

A

The adductor tubercle

66
Q

What are the attachments of anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

A

Anterior cruciate ligament– it attaches at the anterior intercondylar region of the tibia where it blends with the medial meniscus. It ascends posteriorly to attach to the femur in the intercondylar fossa. It prevents anterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur.

Posterior cruciate ligament– attaches at the posterior intercondylar region of the tibia, and ascends anteriorly to attach to the anteromedial femoral condyle. It prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur.

67
Q

What type of joint is the knee

A

Between femur and tibia

hinge-type synovial joint with some gliding, rolling and rotation.

68
Q

What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint

A

is plane type synovial, but capsular ligaments limit movement.

69
Q

What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint

A

is a fibrous joint.

Slight movement of both of these joints during dorsiflexion/plantarflexion of the foot.

70
Q

What are the collateral ligaments of the ankle

A

Medial:
Tibiocalcaneal(=deltoid)

Lateral:
Posterior talfobular
Anterior talfibular
Calcaneofibular

71
Q

Which ankle ligaments are commonly damaged and which is not. Consequence?

A

The broader and tougher tibiocalcaneal ligament is less often damaged.

The lateral ligaments (3 parts) are commonly damaged by over-inversion.
=SPRAINED ANKLE

72
Q

Which bones in the ankle joint are weight bearing

A

The weight-bearing at the ankle joint is by talus via it’s superior articulation with tibia. Fibula is not weight-bearing, but it’s distal lateral malleolus, with tibia’s medial malleolus, forms the square socket of the ankle joint.

73
Q

What makes up the transverse tarsal joint, and why is this joint important

A

The talo-calcaneonavicular joint is part of the transverse tarsal joint or the mid-tarsal joint. Movement at this joint contributes to inversion and eversion of the foot together with movement of the subtalar joint.

74
Q

Which two joints move with inversiona dn eversion

A

Midtarsal joint

Sibtalar joint

75
Q

What are the important arches of the foot and waht are they formed of

check this

A

Medial longitudinal arch: Calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, first 3 metasarsal

NOTE THAT THE MEDIAL LONG. ARCH IS HIGHER THAN THE LATERAL

Lateral longitudinal arch: calcaneus, cuboid, lateral 2 metatarsals

Transverse arch

76
Q

What makes the arches of the foot stable

A

The shape of the foot bones, and how they fit together, contributes to the formation and stability of the arches of the foot.

AND

Ligaments and long tendons are both involved in maintaining the arches

AND

intrinsic muscles

77
Q

Which tendons/ligamtnes are involved in maintaining the arches of the foot

elaborate

A

The plantar aponeurosis

The peroneus logus tendon (look at where it goes!)

The calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)

78
Q

Explain the gait cycle

A

Heel strike (glut max, tib ant)

Loading flat response (quad. fem)

Mistance (triceps surae.)

terminal stance, heel off (triceps surae)

ressing toe off (deep plantar-flexors and flexors of toes, intrinc foot muscles, rectus femoris)

Initial and mid-swing (contralateral hip adbsuctors, iliopsoas and rectus demoris)

Terminal swing (hamstringle, quad femoris and tibialis anterior)

79
Q

What is teh proprotion of stance phase and swing phase in the gait cycte

A

60% to 40%

80
Q

Outline when single and double support is required inthe gait cyctel

A

…..

81
Q

What artery supplies the knee

A

Genicular branches of the popliteal artery

82
Q

What occurs at the popliteal trifurcation

A

Anterior tibial artery : anterior compartment
Posterior tibial artery : posterior compartment
Peroneal artery : lateral compartment

83
Q

What occurs at te ankle

A

Posterior Tibial Artery : sole of the foot via the medial and lateral plantar arteries

Dorsalis pedis artery (continuation of the anterior tibial artery) and supplies the dorsum of the foot and the digits

84
Q

The dorsalis pedis is a continuation of which artery

A

anterior tibial artery

85
Q

Which arteries supply the sole, and then the dorsum of the foot

A

…. fill in

86
Q

Which artery of the popliteal trifurcation pierces the interosseus membrane between the tib and fib

A

anterior tibial artery

87
Q

Outlien the supericial veins of the leg

A 
Dorsal venous arch
Long saphenous vein
Short saphenous vein
Perforating veins to the deep system (mainly in the calf)
Valves!
88
Q

State the deep veins of the leg

A

Deep calf veins – venae comitantes of arteries
Popliteal vein
Femoral vein
External iliac vein
Sapheno-femoral junction
Venae comitantes of the profunda femoris artery

89
Q

Where does the small saphenous vein drain

A

Into the popliteal vein at the poplteal fossa

90
Q

State the motor segmental supply of the region

A 
Hip Flexors
L23
Hip Extensors
L45
Knee Extensors
L34
Knee Flexors
L5S1
Ankle Dorsiflexors
L45
Ankle Plantarflexors
S12
91
Q

Outline the sensory segmental suppy to the region

A 
Dermatomal distribution
“L3 to the knee and L4 to the floor”
L5 to the great toe
S1 to the lateral side of the foot
S1 to the sole of the foot
92
Q

Outline the motor peripheral supply

A

Femoral nerve : Knee Extensors
Sciatic Nerve : Hamstrings
Tibial nerve : Posterior Compartment and Foot intrinsics
Common Peroneal Nerve : Anterior and Lateral Compartments

93
Q

How does the sciatic nerve supply the intrinsic foot mscles

A

From tibial nerve,

Posterior Compartment of the Leg
Passes behind medial malleolus to divide into:
Medial plantar nerve
Lateral plantar nerve

94
Q

Which intrinsic foot muscle does the tibial nerve NOT supply

A

All intrinsics except extensor digitorum brevis (check extensor hallucis brevis)

95
Q

What is the course of the common peroneal nerve. Which partts of it supply which compartments

A

Winds around the neck of the fibula
Deep Peroneal Nerve: anterior compartment
Superficial Peroneal nerve: lateral compartment

96
Q

Where is the saphenous nerve from

A

he largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve. It is a strictly sensory nerve, and has no motor function.

97
Q

What it the sural nerve and what is its clinical application

A

The Sural nerve is formed from a branch of the tibial nerve and a smaller branch from the common peroneal nerve.

Can be used in nerve repair.

98
Q

Outline the sensory peripheral suply

A 
Sensory branches of the femoral nerve
Saphenous nerve (femoral)
Sural nerve (common peroneal and tibial)
Superficial Peroneal nerve
Deep Peroneal nerve
Tibial nerve
Medial and lateral plantar nerves
99
Q

Within which tendon is the patellar formed

A

Quadriceps femoris … as the patella is both formed and resides within the quadriceps femoris tendon, it provides a fulcrum to increase power of the knee extensor, and serves as a stabilising structure that reduces frictional forces placed on femoral condyles.

100
Q

Where are the menisci of the knee attached

A

Both are C shaped fibrocartilage structures attached to the intercondylar area both anteriorly and posteriorly

101
Q

Why might a medial collateral ligament damage affect the medial menisus

A

In addition to the intercondylar attachment, the medial meniscus is fixed to the tibial collateral ligament and the joint capsule. Damage to the tibial collateral ligament usually results in a medial meniscal tear.

102
Q

Function of the collateral ligamnets

A

hey act to stabilise the hinge motion of the knee, preventing excessive medial or lateral movement

103
Q

Attachments of the collateral ligaments

A

Tibial (medial) collateral ligament – A wide and flat ligament, found on the medial side of the joint. Proximally, it attaches to the medial epicondyle of the femur, distally it attaches to the medial condyle of the tibia.

Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament – Thinner and rounder than the tibial collateral, this attaches proximally to the lateral epicondyle of the femur, distally it attaches to a depression on the lateral surface of the fibular head.

104
Q

T/F both collateral ligaments attach to the condyles of the tibia

A

F/// the collateral on eattaches to the fibular head

105
Q

Function of the cruciate ligament s

A

connect the femur and the tibia

anterior prevents anterior disclocation of tibia onto the femur

posterior prevents posterior dislocation of the knee

106
Q

Differentiate the structure of the plantar and dorsal interossei muscles

A

The plantar and dorsal interossei comprise the fourth and final plantar muscle layer. The plantar interossei have a unipennate morphology, while the dorsal interossei are bipennate.

107
Q

T/f the calcaneus forms a joint with the navicular bone

A

F.. The navicular forms joints with four bones: the talus and the three cuneiforms; occasionally with a fifth, the cuboid

AoL (9 decks)

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