The Knee

Question 1

Which of the knee ligaments attaches to the fibula?

Answer 1

Lateral collateral ligament

Question 2

Name the agonists of knee extension

Answer 2

quads- rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Question 3

Which ligaments cross over around the tibia and femur?

Answer 3

ACL and PCL

Question 4

What does the ACL prevent?

Answer 4

Anterior movement of tibia in relation to the femur

Question 5

What does the PCL prevent?

Answer 5

Posterior movement of the tibia in relation to the femur

Question 6

Valgus movement is more commonly known as

Answer 6

knock knees

Question 7

What is the clinical term for bow legs?

Answer 7

Varus movement

Question 8

Which structures prevents valgus and varus movement?

Answer 8

Collateral ligaments

Question 9

MCL is continuous with with structure?

Answer 9

Medial Meniscus cartilage

Question 10

Menisci features

Answer 10

C shaped rings on either side of tibia surface

Question 11

MCL extends between which landmarks?

Answer 11

medial condyle femur to medial tibia

Question 12

Which CL prevents varus movement?

Answer 12

lateral

Question 13

How to the CL ensure knee stability?

Answer 13

lock when knee is extended

Question 14

How do the menisci ensure knee stability?

Answer 14

1. provide shallow cup for articulation of tib and femur

2. ensures even articulation of bones- medial condyle of femur bigger than lat condyle

Question 15

What are the functions of the menisci?

Answer 15

shock absorption, stability, lubrication

Question 16

which 3 bones articulate at the knee?

Answer 16

Femur, tibia, patella

Question 17

What is the function of the patella?

Answer 17

protect anterior structures of the knee and provide lever arm for quads

Question 18

How do biarticular muscles cause movement?

Answer 18

activated muscle shortens to pull origin closer to insertion

Question 19

what determines the predominant joint of the biarticular muscle?

Answer 19

length of the lever arm due to torque differences caused by distance of lever arm to axis

Question 20

List the secondary knee flexors

Answer 20

Gastrocnemius, Popliteus, Gracilis, Sartorius

Question 21

Insertion of quadricep muscles

Answer 21

tibial tuberosity

Question 22

Which quadricep origins on the lateral femur?

Answer 22

Vastus Lateralis

Question 23

Which quadricep is deep to the rectus femoris?

Answer 23

vastus intermedius

Question 24

origin of the rectus femoris?

Answer 24

AIIS

Question 25

line of pull of the Gracilis

Answer 25

Posterior to anterior

Question 26

How does the sartorius allow external rotation at the hip and hip and knee flexion?

Answer 26

biarticular and wraps around the knee- originates ASIS, moves posterior around femur then inserts on anterior proximal tibia.

Question 27

Which knee flexor allows internal rotation of the knee and how?

Answer 27

popliteus - angled line of pull originates lateral condyle femur, inserts posterior tibia medial to lateral line of pull

Question 28

What is used to measure the quad line of pull?

Answer 28

Q angle

Question 29

Normal Q angle range for females?

Answer 29

16-18 degrees

Question 30

Normal male Q angle?

Answer 30

12-13 degrees

Question 31

Why is female Q angle larger than male?

Answer 31

wider pelvis but feet base of support is the same

Question 32

What points make the Q angle?

Answer 32

Line (A) from ASIS to patella, (B) from patella to tibial tuberosity

Question 33

Risk of excessive Q angle?

Answer 33

poor patella tracking

Question 34

risk of valgus movement?

Answer 34

Chondromalacia Patella: dynamic movement may lead to mistracking of patella, creating pressure between patella and lateral femur condyles

Question 35

What is 'Runner's Knee' clinically known as?

Answer 35

Chondromalacia Patella

Question 36

What is chondromalacia patella?

Answer 36

mistracking of patella causing damage to patellofemoral cartilage

Question 37

What are the causes of CP?

Answer 37

``` high q angle genu valgum pronation high patella weak vastus medialis/ stronger vastus lateralis- uneven pull on patella ```

Question 38

What knee injury is caused by excessive anterior tibial translation?

Answer 38

ACL rupture

Question 39

How does ACL rupture typically occur?

Answer 39

cutting/landing movements changing directions extended knee joint position knee valgus

Question 40

What tibial movement occurs to cause ACL rupture?

Answer 40

excessive anterior tibial translation- tibial moves forward too much in relation to the femur.

Question 41

Describe the movement of the patella during knee extension

Answer 41

The patella runs up and down in the groove between the femoral condyles during knee extension and flexion

Question 42

List the antagonist muscles to knee extension

Answer 42

Biceps femoris (short & long heads), semimembranosus , semitendinosus, popliteus, gastrocnemius, sartoris, gracilis

Question 43

Why does a weak vastus medialis contribute to Chrondomalacia Patella?

Answer 43

The VM pulls the patella medially and helps the patella run up the centre of the groove between the condyles. If it is weak the other quadriceps muscles tend to pull the patella laterally

Question 44

How does eversion of the foot increase the Q-angle?

Answer 44

Eversion of the foot tends to cause internal rotation at the hip and a more knock-kneed (genu valgum) position.

Question 45

What are the agonist muscles for internal rotation of the knee.

Answer 45

Semimembranosus, semitendinosus.

Question 46

When biarticular muscles are activated and shorten, explain two factors that influence which joint actually moves?

Answer 46

The length of the lever arm at each of the joints, and the activation of anatagonist/stabilising muscle at each of the joints

Question 47

What is genu varum?

Answer 47

A bow-legged malalignment of the knee in the frontal plane

Question 48

What is genu valgum?

Answer 48

A knock-kneed malalignment of the knee in the frontal plane