the kidney Flashcards
estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate helps determine ???. Blood creatinine is used to estimate GFR
chronic kidney disease
Creatinine results from the spontaneous breakdown of creatine and phosphocreatine in ??? muscle. Amount of creatinine is proportional to muscle mass, so adjustments are made for age and sex
active
??? cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus respond to changes in flow rate and fluid composition to release renin from granular cells. Renin is also released in response to decreased pressure.
Macula densa
Renin release from macula densa cells is influenced by b2-adrenoceptor agonists, prostaglandins and ???
angiotensin II
osmotic diuretics modify filtrate content in ???
bowens capsule
loop diuretics decrease Na and Cl leaving loop of ???
henle
spironolactone inhibits/reduces aldosterone or angiotenis?
aldosterone
Cl- transport in epithelial cells:
- Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter: basolateral membrane of thick ascending tubule
- K+/2Cl- co-transporter: ??? membrane of thick ascending loop
- Na+/2Cl- co-transporter: both membranes of distal tubule
luminal
Na+ transport in epithelial cells:
- epithelial sodium channel
- ??? pump
sodium/potassium pump
Diuretics increase the excretion of Na+ and
???
water
what is the most powerful type of diuretics that leads to high rates of urination and excretion of 15-25% of filtered Na+?
loop diuretics
Osmotic diuretics (e.g. mannitol) are filtered by the glomerulus to preferentially promote the excretion of ??? over Na+ and are used to treat intracranial and intraocular pressure in emergency settings
water
Thiazides inhibit the action of the Na/Cl ??? system for hypertension, mild heart failure
cotransporter
furosemide (loop diuretic) inhibits the action of the Na/Cl/K ??? for acute pulmonary oedema, chronic heart failure, liver cirrhosis
carrier
sulfonamides act as ??? antagonists for heart failure, primary hyperaldosteronism, renin-resistant hypertension
aldosterone antagonists
amiloride, triamterene works in inhibition of lumenal Na chanenels and is used with ??? or thiazides to maintain K balance
loop diuretics
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes H2O
??? via aquaporins
reabsorption
Aldosterone promotes Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion, UPregulating or DOWNregulating (?) Na+ channels and synthesis of Na+/K+ pump
upregulating
TRUE or FALSE: sulfanomides effect both the proximal tube and the collecting tubule, inhibitingcarbonic anhydrase in the proximal tube.
true
erythropoietin is produced in juxtatubular cells in kidney and by macrophages. It stimulates erythroid progenitor proliferation, giving ride to ???
erythrocytes
the recombinant for of ??? is used to treat anaemia due to deficiency in it from chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy or AIDS use
erythropoietin
vitamin D deficiency is treated with ergocalciferol which is also used to treat ??? caused by hypoparathyroidism
hypoocalcaemia
Main mechanisms by which one drug can impair the renal excretion of another include:
* Altered ??? binding, hence filtration
* Inhibition of renal tubular secretion
* Altered urine flow and pH
protein
