the kidney

Question 1

estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate helps determine ???. Blood creatinine is used to estimate GFR

Answer 1

chronic kidney disease

Question 2

Creatinine results from the spontaneous breakdown of creatine and phosphocreatine in ??? muscle. Amount of creatinine is proportional to muscle mass, so adjustments are made for age and sex

Answer 2

active

Question 3

??? cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus respond to changes in flow rate and fluid composition to release renin from granular cells. Renin is also released in response to decreased pressure.

Answer 3

Macula densa

Question 4

Renin release from macula densa cells is influenced by b2-adrenoceptor agonists, prostaglandins and ???

Answer 4

angiotensin II

Question 5

osmotic diuretics modify filtrate content in ???

Answer 5

bowens capsule

Question 6

loop diuretics decrease Na and Cl leaving loop of ???

Answer 6

henle

Question 7

spironolactone inhibits/reduces aldosterone or angiotenis?

Answer 7

aldosterone

Question 8

Cl- transport in epithelial cells:
- Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter: basolateral membrane of thick ascending tubule
- K+/2Cl- co-transporter: ??? membrane of thick ascending loop
- Na+/2Cl- co-transporter: both membranes of distal tubule

Answer 8

luminal

Question 9

Na+ transport in epithelial cells:
- epithelial sodium channel
- ??? pump

Answer 9

sodium/potassium pump

Question 10

Diuretics increase the excretion of Na+ and
???

Answer 10

water

Question 11

what is the most powerful type of diuretics that leads to high rates of urination and excretion of 15-25% of filtered Na+?

Answer 11

loop diuretics

Question 12

Osmotic diuretics (e.g. mannitol) are filtered by the glomerulus to preferentially promote the excretion of ??? over Na+ and are used to treat intracranial and intraocular pressure in emergency settings

Answer 12

water

Question 13

Thiazides inhibit the action of the Na/Cl ??? system for hypertension, mild heart failure

Answer 13

cotransporter

Question 14

furosemide (loop diuretic) inhibits the action of the Na/Cl/K ??? for acute pulmonary oedema, chronic heart failure, liver cirrhosis

Answer 14

carrier

Question 15

sulfonamides act as ??? antagonists for heart failure, primary hyperaldosteronism, renin-resistant hypertension

Answer 15

aldosterone antagonists

Question 16

amiloride, triamterene works in inhibition of lumenal Na chanenels and is used with ??? or thiazides to maintain K balance

Answer 16

loop diuretics

Question 17

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes H2O
??? via aquaporins

Answer 17

reabsorption

Question 18

Aldosterone promotes Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion, UPregulating or DOWNregulating (?) Na+ channels and synthesis of Na+/K+ pump

Answer 18

upregulating

Question 19

TRUE or FALSE: sulfanomides effect both the proximal tube and the collecting tubule, inhibitingcarbonic anhydrase in the proximal tube.

Answer 19

true

Question 20

erythropoietin is produced in juxtatubular cells in kidney and by macrophages. It stimulates erythroid progenitor proliferation, giving ride to ???

Answer 20

erythrocytes

Question 21

the recombinant for of ??? is used to treat anaemia due to deficiency in it from chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy or AIDS use

Answer 21

erythropoietin

Question 22

vitamin D deficiency is treated with ergocalciferol which is also used to treat ??? caused by hypoparathyroidism

Answer 22

hypoocalcaemia

Question 23

Main mechanisms by which one drug can impair the renal excretion of another include:
* Altered ??? binding, hence filtration
* Inhibition of renal tubular secretion
* Altered urine flow and pH

Answer 23

protein