Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Metabolism Flashcards
drugs used to treat type IIa Hyperlipoproteinaemia
none
drugs used to treate type I Hyperlipoproteinaemia
statins and ezetimibe
drugs used to treat type IIb Hyperlipoproteinaemia
Fibrates, statins, niacin (vitamin B3)
drugs used to treat type III Hyperlipoproteinaemia
fibrates
drugs used to treat type IV Hyperlipoproteinaemia
fibrates
drugs used to treat type V Hyperlipoproteinaemia
Fibrates, niacin, fish oil, statins
TRUE or FALSE: Loss-of-function single gene defects of LDL receptors give rise to Type IIa hypercholesterolaemia
true
Lpa(a) is a type of LDL that contains apo(a), an apolipoprotein structurally like and a competitor of plasminogen. Apo(a) competes with ??? to limit plasmin formation and reduce fibrinolysis and promote thrombosis
plasminogen
Low intracellular cholesterol increases expression of ??? and LDL receptor (LDL-R) mRNA
PCSK9
PCSK9 undergoes autocatalytic processing in the ??? to form mature PCSK9 which is secreted and binds to the LDL-R at the cell surface
ER
PCSK9/LDL-R complex binds LDL, which enter the endosomal-lysosomal pathway to mediate degradation and prevent LDL-R recycling to the cell surface = reduction in ???
further LDL uptake
Gain OR Loss (?) of-function single PCSK9 gene defects reduce incidence of atherosclerosis
gain
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, Antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E) are taken as preventative action to improve ??? function
endothelial function
what drugs are taken to improve endothelial function as a preventative for atherosclerosis?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, Antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E)
Reduce alcohol intake, increase exercise, Anacetrapib (experimental), ApoA-I Milano (experimental) are preventative actions of atherosclerosis to improve ???
increase HDLs
what is a preventative action taken to reduce C-reactive protein
Anti-inflammatories
STATINS or FIBRATES inhibit HMG-CoA reductase which is the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis
statins
statins cause decreased ??? synthesis which upregulates LDL receptor synthesis, promoting hepatic LDL uptake and clearance of LDLs from the circulation
cholesterol
Simvastatin, lovastatin and pravastatin are reversible
inhibitors that fall under the STATIN or FIBRATE drug family?
statin
Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin are long-lasting inhibitors that are ??? drugs
statin
PCSK9 inhibitors block PCSK9 from binding to LDL receptors = prevents lysosomal degradation of LDL receptors = more control of ??? concentrations
circulating LDL
Evolocumab and alirocumab are licensed ??? inhibitors and are examples of monoclonal antibody
therapies
PCSK9
TRUE or FALSE: Evolocumab and alirocumab are administered
subcutaneously ONLY with statins
FALSE: with OR without statins
Fibrates activate PPARa to increase transcription of ???, promoting hepatic LDL uptake and clearance of LDLs fromcirculation
lipoprotein lipases
PPARa forms a heterodimeric nuclear receptor with retinoid X
receptors (RXR) to bind ??? response elements
genomic nuclear
Fibrates can reduce plasma C-reactive protein and ??? and inhibit vascular smooth muscle inflammation via inhibition of the transcription factor NFkB
fibrinogen
FIBRATE or STATIN (?) drugs include bezafibrate, ciprofibrate, gemfibrozil, fenofibrate and clofibrate
Fibrate
which drug groups decrease atherosclerosis?
statins, PCSK9 inhibitors, Fibrates
