cardiovascular pharmacology II Flashcards
Vascular tone is regulated by the ???, vascular endothelium and the renin-angiotensin system
sympathetic nervous system
Muscles contract when cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations rise = can activate myosin ??? that phosphorylates myosin, or inhibition of myosin phosphatase that sensitises myofilaments to Ca2+
light- chain kinase
Coupling between [Ca2+] and contraction in vascular smooth muscle cells is less tight than in striated voluntary and ???
cardiac muscles
Vasoconstrictor and vasodilator drugs work by increasing or decreasing [Ca2+]i and/or by changing the ??? of the contractile machinery to [Ca2+]i
sensitivity
the following Mechanisms Control Smooth Muscle CONTRACTION or RELAXATION?
- potassium channel activators,
- agonists of adenosine, b-agonists, prostaglandins, etc
- PDE inhibitors
Relaxation
the following mechanisms control smooth muscle CONTRACTION or RELAXATION?
- Agonists of noradrenaline, histamine, angiotensin
calcium channel blockers
CONTRACTION
Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are mediators produced by vascular endothelium which produce ???
either vasoconstriction or vasodilation. can be both
Nitric Oxides are mediators produced by vascular endothelium which produce VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION?
vasodilation
c-natriuretic peptide and adrenomedullin are mediators produced by vascular endothelium which produce VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION?
vasodilation
Endothelin is a mediator produced by vascular endothelium which produces VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION through ETA receptors and, less commonly the opposite via ETB receptors
vasoconstriction via ETA receptors or less commonly vasodilation via ETB receptors
Angiotensin II is a mediators produced by vascular endothelium which produce VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION?
Vasoconstriction
Endothelium development (angiogenesis) and repair is controlled by several growth
factors, including ???, which serve as drug targets
vascular endothelial growth factor
what are expressed by vascular endothelium and important in control of vascular muscle tone and provide additional drug targets?
enzymes and transporter mechanisms
Endothelin is a ??? vasoconstrictor peptide
lon acting and potent
endothelin is released from ??? and displays various chemical and physical properties. Action is not confined to blood vessels
endothelial cells
the renin-angiotensin system acts with sympathetic or parasympathetic NS? this is to increase noradrenaline release from nerve terminals to produce vasoconstriction
sympathetic NS
endothelin acts on vascular smooth muscle to cause an increase in blood pressure, vasospasms, smooth muscle proliferation and activation of the ??? axis
hypothalamic-pituitary axis
renin is released from ??? in kidneys and acts on angiotensin from the liver to form angiotensin I. ACE acts on angiotensin I to form angiotensin II.
juxtaglomerular apparatus
angiotensin II acts on vascular smooth muscle to cause: vascular growth (hyperplasia, hypertrophy), ??? (direct and indirect by increasing noradrenaline), salt retention (aldosterone secretion, tubular NA+ reabsorption)
vasoconstriction
Tyramine, cocaine are vasoactive drugs that cause VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION? action is via Noradrenaline release and blockade of noradrenaline reuptake, acting on sympathetic nerves.
Vasoconstriction irction
angiotensin II is a drug that works in endothelium, causing vasoconstriction via increased ??? release
Endothelin
Prostaglandin E2 and guanethidine
are drugs that cause VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION via inhibition of noradrenaline release? site of action is sympathetic nerves
vasodilation
Acetylcholine and substance P are drugs that cause VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION via Nitric oxide release? site of action is endothelium
Vasodilation
Anaesthetics are vasodilators via Vasomotor inhibition, acting on ???
Central nervous system
What drug is an ACE inhibitor acting at the site of enzymes as a vasoactive drug.
captopril
Vasoconstrictor drugs:
- adrenaline
- Angiotensin II
- Antidiuretic hormone Antidiuretic hormone (i.e. vasopressin)
- ???
Endothelin
Vasodilator drugs are primarily used to treat:
- hypertension
- cardiac failure
- ???
angina
vasodilator drugs act to
- INCREASE or DECREASE local tissue blood flow
- INCREASE or DECREASE arterial pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac work by reducing cardiac preload and afterload
- increase
- decrease
calcium antagonists, KATP channel activators M, and Cyclic nucleotide
inducers, are examples of Indirectly or Directly acting vasodilator drugs?
directly acting vasodilator drugs
Note: ca2+ antagonists = Nifedipine, diltiazem, verapamil
KATP channel activators = Minoxidil
Cyclic nucleotide inducers = Prostacyclin (epoprostenol), b2-
adrenoceptor agonists, adenosine
Indirectly Acting Vasodilator Drugs include:
- a1-adrenoceptor antagonists
- Aliskiren, Captopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Losartan, Candesartan, Valsartan, Eplerenone, Spironolactone
- ???, bradykinin
- Phosphoramidon, Bosentan
- sacubitril
Acetylcholine
TRUE or FALSE: antihypertensive drugs have adverse effects such as postural hypotension and impotence
TRUE
