The Japanese Threat, 1931-1941 Flashcards
What reforms were introduced after the boxer rebellion?
-Jinshi were abolished
-established elected provincial assemblies
-Prohibited foot binding
What did Cixi do in 1902?
-1902-8 foreign loans
-high interest/ reliant on foreigners
when were taxes up to pay for reform and reparations to foreigners?
1902 and again in 1909
anti American boycott
1905
-retaliation for US anti-chinese immigration laws
who succeeded Cixi?
Emperor Puyi ( 3 years old ), Prince Chun as regent
When did the Qing dynasty fall?
1911
What directly caused the Qing dynasty to fall?
-Wuchan uprising
-troops refused to put down this uprising and turned on the government
-Yuan Shikai convinced Puyi to abdicate
by 1911 how many members of alliance league?
over 10,000
wuchan uprising
10/10/1911
-imperial troops refused to put down uprising going against Qing’s orders
-Qing lost support
fourth may movement
-1919
-Japan given shangdong peninsula
-student uprising in protest
What was wrong with the reforms introduced by the Qing?
It was too little too late as they had already lost support, were also financed by foreigners
21 demands what and when?
1915 Japanese demands
-Japanese influence in gov/police
-50% munitions purchased from Japan
What parts of china did Japan control by 1920?
Considerable areas of Manchuria and the Shandong peninsula
Why did Japan want to expand into China?
To supply raw materials and room for population as they were losing US support as well as the Wall Street Crash
When was the Warlord era?
1916-1927 GMD was internationally accepted power but they had no power, all was held by regional warlord
4th May movement when and what?
1919-25 Movement with resentment for Japan and western involvement
What was the united front?
Friendship between GMD and CCP to join together to defeat the warlord in northern expedition
Whampoa military academy when and what?
1924 trained troops for the GMD and made it into a military group
Who replaced sun yatsen as leader of GMD?
Chiang Kai Shek
when did the united front break? and why?
-1927
-enough territory had been gained
-communists spreading communism to locals along expedition
how many members of the CCP in 1922?
200
how many members of the CCP by 1927?
58,000 members
CCP founded
1921
Sun Yatsen dies
1925
united front set up
1926 SYS had negotiated it with CCP
five encirclement campaigns
1930-34
pushing CCP back into small area in Jiangxi soviet
Futian incident
1930
-purge of rival units and execution of officers in the CCP
-Mao’s rise to power
Long March
1934
-80,000 died (80%)
warlord era
1916-27
-power vacuum
-no central control
What were suns three principles of the people?
Nationalism, Democracy, Welfare
How did Russia help with GMD and CCP development?
-Helped to negotiate the united front with sun yatsen
-commintern provided funding to keep CCP alive, $5000 a year
nanking new government
1928
Northern expedition
1926-28
UF surround individual armies, cut supply lines and crush them
when did GMD declare legitimate gov of china?
1928
Great Depression
1929-39
why did Japan look to china at the end of 1920s?
-Wall Street crash
-needed new markets to sell to
-need new sources of trade
tanaka memorial
japan’s existence at risk unless they expanded into china
when did CKS focus on attacking Japanese?
after 1934
previously focused on the disease of the heart rather than the skin
Mukden incident
-1931
-Japanese blew up part of Japanese south Manchurian railway and blamed Chinese
-used it as an excuse to invade
League of Nations response to invasion of Manchuria
Lytton report
found Japan guilty for aggression
What was the response following the Lytton report?
-Japan walked out of the League of Nations
-L of N had no military so no help was given to China
why did the League of Nations report fail?
-Japan left in 1933
-countries involved recovering from WWI
-if trade embargo USA would have filled trade gap
-Great Depression (1929-39)
manchukuo
1932-45
puppet state, puyi as emperor
CKS approach by sacrificing Manchuria
trading space for time
What happened in Japans invasion and occupation of Shanghai? (1931)
-some GMD opposition faced
-bombed city heavily
-70,000 troops occupied city and began looting
how many Chinese troops lost in the battle of Shanghai (1931)? why was it such a failure?
187,000, retreat poorly organised
treaty of Tanggu
-1933
-recognised Japanese control of manchuria
-avoid full scale war (space for time)
affects of treaty of Tanggu?
-humiliating for china, GMD lost support
-secured prospects for further expansionism for Japan into china
Xian incident
1936
-local leaders took CKS hostage
-forced him to sign second united front w CCP
Marco Polo Bridge incident
-July 1937
-japanese soldier reported lost so demanded entry to search for him
-chinese refused
-declared war
-4 days of battle
Causes of the second Sino Japanese war in 1937
-Great Depression meant no threat of foreign involvement gains Japan
-Japanese continuing imperialism and expansionism
-Chinese nationalism
-Weak state of china, infighting
-Xian incident
-Marco Polo bridge incident
How did the war start terribly for china?
chinese airforce attempted to bomb Japanese fleet in Shanghai but missed and hit civilian areas
What was Chiangs first move in the war?
Engage Japan in Shanghai as to fight on two fronts to stretch Japans resources and create a prolonged war
How many chinese and Japanese fatalities were there in Shanghai in 1837 after Japan regained control?
300,000 chinese
70,000 Japanese
Where did Chinese forces withdraw to after the failure of the Shanghai campaign?
Nanjing
What did Japan achieve in October 1938?
Control of all naval ports in china
Rape of Nanjing
dec. 1937
-killing competitions by japanese soldiers
-beheadings
-rape
-forced incest
-children murdered
-300,000 civilians dead in 7 weeks
how long did the japanese brag they could defeat china?
3 months
Flooding of the yellow river
1938
30,000 square miles flooded
why was yellow river successful?
slowed japanese advance by 3 months
why was yellow river unsuccessful?
-just before harvest
-drowned 500,000
-3 million refugees
Chinese governments expenditure increases from 1937 to 1942?
1.16 billion yuan in 1937
26.03 billion yuan in 1942
what aid did the USSR provide?
50,000 rifles
900 aircrafts
100 tanks
10,000 machine guns
How did USA initially help China without declaring war on Japan?
-loans to stabilise the economy
-flying tigers volunteer US airforce trained chinese troops
-US froze assets in japanese banks and embargo on exporting to Japan
What was Japan’s response to US economic sanctions and aid to china?
Bombed pearl harbour in dec. 1941 which was a massive blow to US
What was the US response to Japans attack on pearl harbour?
they declared war
What was the lend-lease package?
-500 and 630 million USD loans after declared war o Japan in 1941
What percentage of Japanese troops were in china in 1941?
40%
Why was Japan provoking USA a huge mistake?
-economically dependant on USA
-US outproduced Manchuria industrially by 9:1
how much of japans oil imported from US?
all but 6%
Burma Road reopened
1944
atomic bombs dropped
Hiroshima 6th august, 1945
Nagasaki 9th august 1945
capital in chongqing
1937-45
-land locked
-protected by the Himalayas
island hopping strategy
took Japan island at a time didn’t split forces so stronger opposition
PRC established
1949
