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china > The Japanese Threat, 1931-1941 > Flashcards

The Japanese Threat, 1931-1941 Flashcards

1
Q

What reforms were introduced after the boxer rebellion?

A

-Jinshi were abolished
-established elected provincial assemblies
-Prohibited foot binding

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2
Q

What did Cixi do in 1902?

A

-1902-8 foreign loans
-high interest/ reliant on foreigners

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3
Q

when were taxes up to pay for reform and reparations to foreigners?

A

1902 and again in 1909

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4
Q

anti American boycott

A

1905
-retaliation for US anti-chinese immigration laws

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5
Q

who succeeded Cixi?

A

Emperor Puyi ( 3 years old ), Prince Chun as regent

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6
Q

When did the Qing dynasty fall?

A

1911

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7
Q

What directly caused the Qing dynasty to fall?

A

-Wuchan uprising
-troops refused to put down this uprising and turned on the government
-Yuan Shikai convinced Puyi to abdicate

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8
Q

by 1911 how many members of alliance league?

A

over 10,000

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9
Q

wuchan uprising

A

10/10/1911
-imperial troops refused to put down uprising going against Qing’s orders
-Qing lost support

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10
Q

fourth may movement

A

-1919
-Japan given shangdong peninsula
-student uprising in protest

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11
Q

What was wrong with the reforms introduced by the Qing?

A

It was too little too late as they had already lost support, were also financed by foreigners

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12
Q

21 demands what and when?

A

1915 Japanese demands
-Japanese influence in gov/police
-50% munitions purchased from Japan

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13
Q

What parts of china did Japan control by 1920?

A

Considerable areas of Manchuria and the Shandong peninsula

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14
Q

Why did Japan want to expand into China?

A

To supply raw materials and room for population as they were losing US support as well as the Wall Street Crash

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15
Q

When was the Warlord era?

A

1916-1927 GMD was internationally accepted power but they had no power, all was held by regional warlord

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16
Q

4th May movement when and what?

A

1919-25 Movement with resentment for Japan and western involvement

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17
Q

What was the united front?

A

Friendship between GMD and CCP to join together to defeat the warlord in northern expedition

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18
Q

Whampoa military academy when and what?

A

1924 trained troops for the GMD and made it into a military group

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19
Q

Who replaced sun yatsen as leader of GMD?

A

Chiang Kai Shek

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20
Q

when did the united front break? and why?

A

-1927
-enough territory had been gained
-communists spreading communism to locals along expedition

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21
Q

how many members of the CCP in 1922?

A

200

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22
Q

how many members of the CCP by 1927?

A

58,000 members

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23
Q

CCP founded

A

1921

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24
Q

Sun Yatsen dies

A

1925

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25
Q

united front set up

A

1926 SYS had negotiated it with CCP

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26
Q

five encirclement campaigns

A

1930-34
pushing CCP back into small area in Jiangxi soviet

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27
Q

Futian incident

A

1930
-purge of rival units and execution of officers in the CCP
-Mao’s rise to power

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28
Q

Long March

A

1934
-80,000 died (80%)

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29
Q

warlord era

A

1916-27
-power vacuum
-no central control

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30
Q

What were suns three principles of the people?

A

Nationalism, Democracy, Welfare

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31
Q

How did Russia help with GMD and CCP development?

A

-Helped to negotiate the united front with sun yatsen
-commintern provided funding to keep CCP alive, $5000 a year

32
Q

nanking new government

A

1928

33
Q

Northern expedition

A

1926-28
UF surround individual armies, cut supply lines and crush them

34
Q

when did GMD declare legitimate gov of china?

A

1928

35
Q

Great Depression

A

1929-39

36
Q

why did Japan look to china at the end of 1920s?

A

-Wall Street crash
-needed new markets to sell to
-need new sources of trade

37
Q

tanaka memorial

A

japan’s existence at risk unless they expanded into china

38
Q

when did CKS focus on attacking Japanese?

A

after 1934
previously focused on the disease of the heart rather than the skin

39
Q

Mukden incident

A

-1931
-Japanese blew up part of Japanese south Manchurian railway and blamed Chinese
-used it as an excuse to invade

40
Q

League of Nations response to invasion of Manchuria

A

Lytton report
found Japan guilty for aggression

41
Q

What was the response following the Lytton report?

A

-Japan walked out of the League of Nations
-L of N had no military so no help was given to China

42
Q

why did the League of Nations report fail?

A

-Japan left in 1933
-countries involved recovering from WWI
-if trade embargo USA would have filled trade gap
-Great Depression (1929-39)

43
Q

manchukuo

A

1932-45
puppet state, puyi as emperor

44
Q

CKS approach by sacrificing Manchuria

A

trading space for time

45
Q

What happened in Japans invasion and occupation of Shanghai? (1931)

A

-some GMD opposition faced
-bombed city heavily
-70,000 troops occupied city and began looting

46
Q

how many Chinese troops lost in the battle of Shanghai (1931)? why was it such a failure?

A

187,000, retreat poorly organised

47
Q

treaty of Tanggu

A

-1933
-recognised Japanese control of manchuria
-avoid full scale war (space for time)

48
Q

affects of treaty of Tanggu?

A

-humiliating for china, GMD lost support
-secured prospects for further expansionism for Japan into china

49
Q

Xian incident

A

1936
-local leaders took CKS hostage
-forced him to sign second united front w CCP

50
Q

Marco Polo Bridge incident

A

-July 1937
-japanese soldier reported lost so demanded entry to search for him
-chinese refused
-declared war
-4 days of battle

51
Q

Causes of the second Sino Japanese war in 1937

A

-Great Depression meant no threat of foreign involvement gains Japan
-Japanese continuing imperialism and expansionism
-Chinese nationalism
-Weak state of china, infighting
-Xian incident
-Marco Polo bridge incident

52
Q

How did the war start terribly for china?

A

chinese airforce attempted to bomb Japanese fleet in Shanghai but missed and hit civilian areas

53
Q

What was Chiangs first move in the war?

A

Engage Japan in Shanghai as to fight on two fronts to stretch Japans resources and create a prolonged war

54
Q

How many chinese and Japanese fatalities were there in Shanghai in 1837 after Japan regained control?

A

300,000 chinese
70,000 Japanese

55
Q

Where did Chinese forces withdraw to after the failure of the Shanghai campaign?

A

Nanjing

56
Q

What did Japan achieve in October 1938?

A

Control of all naval ports in china

57
Q

Rape of Nanjing

A

dec. 1937
-killing competitions by japanese soldiers
-beheadings
-rape
-forced incest
-children murdered
-300,000 civilians dead in 7 weeks

58
Q

how long did the japanese brag they could defeat china?

A

3 months

59
Q

Flooding of the yellow river

A

1938
30,000 square miles flooded

60
Q

why was yellow river successful?

A

slowed japanese advance by 3 months

61
Q

why was yellow river unsuccessful?

A

-just before harvest
-drowned 500,000
-3 million refugees

62
Q

Chinese governments expenditure increases from 1937 to 1942?

A

1.16 billion yuan in 1937
26.03 billion yuan in 1942

63
Q

what aid did the USSR provide?

A

50,000 rifles
900 aircrafts
100 tanks
10,000 machine guns

64
Q

How did USA initially help China without declaring war on Japan?

A

-loans to stabilise the economy
-flying tigers volunteer US airforce trained chinese troops
-US froze assets in japanese banks and embargo on exporting to Japan

65
Q

What was Japan’s response to US economic sanctions and aid to china?

A

Bombed pearl harbour in dec. 1941 which was a massive blow to US

66
Q

What was the US response to Japans attack on pearl harbour?

A

they declared war

67
Q

What was the lend-lease package?

A

-500 and 630 million USD loans after declared war o Japan in 1941

68
Q

What percentage of Japanese troops were in china in 1941?

A

40%

69
Q

Why was Japan provoking USA a huge mistake?

A

-economically dependant on USA
-US outproduced Manchuria industrially by 9:1

70
Q

how much of japans oil imported from US?

A

all but 6%

71
Q

Burma Road reopened

A

1944

72
Q

atomic bombs dropped

A

Hiroshima 6th august, 1945
Nagasaki 9th august 1945

73
Q

capital in chongqing

A

1937-45
-land locked
-protected by the Himalayas

74
Q

island hopping strategy

A

took Japan island at a time didn’t split forces so stronger opposition

75
Q

PRC established

A

1949

china (10 decks)

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