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Defeat And Humiliation 1894 - 1901 Flashcards

1
Q

how many treaty ports by 1900?

A

50

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2
Q

How did Japanese reaction to growing western influence in Asia differ to chinas?

A

They chose to embrace the western technology and adopt it to modernise and industrialise their country

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3
Q

Meiji restoration

A

Japans modernisation in the style of the west, especially America, they centralised the government and introduced a constitution getting rid of the heritage of the samurai class and shoguns
—> Big focus on military development
40 years compared to European’s 150 years

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4
Q

Why didn’t cixi adopt the same method as Meiji?

A

She believed that chinas traditions culture and methods were superior to the west so wouldn’t adpot any of the ideas

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5
Q

What did Japan lack which inspired their interest in invading china?

A

-raw materials (coal, iron and oil)
-food

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6
Q

Why did Japan have an interest in Korea?

A

-Stop growing Russian influence
-base to attack china from
-food and raw materials to power industrialisation
-Form of defence in securing surrounding areas
-Expansionist imperial attitude

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7
Q

What factors helped Japan to modernise quicker than china?

A

-receptivity to new ideas that china lacked
-less western interference than china
-smaller size made it easier for central government to maintain power
-less obedience to old traditions

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8
Q

What was Japans first use of its imperial navy?

A

Small attack on Korea in 1875 that resulted in the treaty of Ganghwa

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9
Q

Treaty of Ganghwa what and when?

A

1876 unequal treaty with Koreas which opened up 3 ports for trade with Japan, this started unrest in Korea

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10
Q

What caused the Tianjin convention?

A

A pro Japanse coup d’etat that was put down by chinese forces

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11
Q

Tianjin Treaty what and when

A

1885 held that neither china nor Japan could deploy troops in Korea without first notifying the other

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12
Q

Why was the Tianjin convention so significant?

A

It showed that the thousands of years of chinese dominance in Asia was over as they now has to negotiate treaties with Japan showing that they had surpassed china in military might

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13
Q

Tonghak Movement

A

religious nationalist movement or group in Korea that opposed all foreign presence

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14
Q

How did the Tonghak movement lead to the Sino Japanese war?

A

-broke out in 1894
-king of Korea requested chinese assistance which was sent according to the treaty of ganghwa
-Japan also sent troops
-Japanese ships then opened fire on chinese ships beginning the war

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15
Q

What were the main events of the Sino Japanese war?

A

-Japan seized all of Korea with china retreating to Manchuria
-Japan defeated Chinese in a naval battle at the mouth of Yalu causing them to retreat to weihaiwei
-Japan seized the liadong peninsula
-Japanese troops seized weihaiwei port and turned the guns on chinas own fleet
-China then sued for peace

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16
Q

What did the war cement about china?

A

-self strengthening movement had failed
-in a state of decline, weak corrupt and delusional
-humiliated the Qing dynasty to the world and chinese people

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17
Q

What did the war cement about Japan?

A

They were the new major eastern power and had a military of the same strength as the west

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18
Q

Main terms of the treaty of Shimonoseki 1895

A

-China had no control over Korea
-200 million taels payed to Japan
Japan gained 4
-China ceded Liadong and Taiwan
-4 more ports opened for trade
-Japan could manufacture goods in china

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19
Q

Why did China lose the Sino Japanese war?

A

-Japans incredibly superior military
-Chinas unorganised and outdated and untrained military personnel and equipment
-failure of the self strengthening movement
-Arrogance and complacency

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20
Q

What did British adviser Robert hart state about chinas belief about the war

A

1/1000 chinese people believed they would lose to Japan

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21
Q

What else cemented Japan as a major world power?

A

Defeated Russia in a war in 1905 in Manchuria

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22
Q

russo-japanese war

A

1904-5

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23
Q

What was the triple intervention?

A

1895
France Russia and Germany intervention to stop japans expansion into china and gain of more influence, forcing them to relinquish all lands gained in the treaty of shimonoseki in which the western forces took control of

24
Q

Why did Russia enter the triple intervention?

A

They wanted to obtain control of the liadong peninsula as it had warm water ports and furthered their Manchurian interest

25
Q

Why did Germany enter the triple intervention?

A

establish an eastern presence to divert Russias attention away from its western border

26
Q

Why did France enter the triple intervention?

A

They were obliged to due to the Franco Russian agreement and also didn’t want to be outdone by Germany

27
Q

What was the real aim of the triple intervention?

A

Germany and Russia competing for power in the east and china to increase influence, especially wanted naval bases

28
Q

What did triple intervention show?

A

China had zero control over their own territories or dealings

29
Q

What weakened china before their war with Japan?

A

Wars with France in 1884 in which France destroyed a lot of chinas naval power

30
Q

Who solicited foreign intervention against Japan in the triple intervention?

A

Li Hongzhang

31
Q

What did Britain then receive in response to the triple intervention?

A

-Weihaiwei port
-Rail and trade rights on the Yangtze
-Hong Kong size was increased into the mainland to provide farmland and housing for the growing population, to be returned in 1997

32
Q

What were the negative effects of western imperialism on china?

A

-Silver drain in china
-import of cheap British cotton damaged chinese cottage industry
-indemnity payments crippled chinese government
-concessions gave foreigners control over chinas heavy industry
-treaty ports meant chinese enterprise couldn’t compete

33
Q

Causes of the boxer rebellion

A

-Failure of self strengthening movement
-Defeat in sino Japanese war
-Chinese corruption
-Increasing western and colonial dominance of territories in china
-Governments impotence
-Growth of chinese nationalism and anti-foreign feeling

34
Q

How did Cixi gain power?

A

She was a concubine for Xianfeng and when he died in her son tongzhi became emperor so she became regent

35
Q

What did Guanxu introduce in 1898

A

Hundred days reform

36
Q

How was the hundred days reform stopped immediately?

A

Cixi imprisoned Guanxu and lead to coup detat, Leading reformers were executed and Kang and liang fled the country

37
Q

What were some of the intentions of the hundred days reform?

A

-More western education system getting rid of traditional chinese techniques
-Free press
-Increase in banks
-modernise military and navy
-establish government departments for mining healthcare agriculture
-wished for a constitution

38
Q

Where was most Boxer resentment directed?

A

Towards christians and especially chinese christian converts

39
Q

Why did the Boxers dislike railways churches and factories?

A

They believed it disrupted the Feng shui, which would bring bad luck

40
Q

What did the boxers claim?

A

That they had supernatural powers and that western bullets couldn’t hurt them

41
Q

boxer rebellion dates

A
42
Q

How many boxers were there by 1900?

A

several hundred thousand

43
Q

What caused immediately Boxers to rise up in the countryside?

A

poor harvests

44
Q

What did Boxers target?

A

-burned foreign buildings
-tore up railroads
-attacked chinese christians
-destroyed telegraph wires

45
Q

How did the Boxer rebellion accelerate?

A

-entered Beijing and besieged the foreign legation quarters
-also killed German minister and Japanese diplomat

46
Q

What was the relation between Cixi and the Boxers?

A

-Cixi supported them as she was against the west and thought they could rid the foreigners
-gave the westerners 24 hours to leave Beijing but they didn’t

47
Q

Why did the Boxers fail?

A

-Lack of effective leadership
-Lack of support from the Qing
-Strength of the foreigners

48
Q

Eight Nation army (against boxers)

A

20,000 troops mostly British, japanese and Russian

49
Q

Why did the Qing armies not support the Boxers?

A

Cixi ordered for support but due to the banner army system many regional power holders refused to fight with the boxers due to fear of western repercussions

50
Q

What did the eight nation army do?

A

Liberated the siege of Beijing, sacked pillaged looted Beijing. murdered civilians. Cixi and Guanxu fled the imperial court

51
Q

Boxer Protocol terms

A

-Formal apology for the murders of foreign diplomats
-Chinese people no longer allowed in legation quarter
-Foreign powers allowed to station troops in Beijing
-Jinshi examinations
-Boxer leaders executed
-China had to pay over one billion taels of indemnity by 1940

52
Q

Why were the boxers a perfect example of china in the period?

A

outdated and superstitious views, lack any sort of coordination or leadership, anti-foreign feeling

53
Q

Why did China remain sovereign?

A

-the western powers deemed it better for trade if their sovereignty was upheld
-more stable for trade

54
Q

Results of the Boxer rebellion

A

-Cemented foreign control and presence in china
-Indemnities
more distrust of foreigners in china
-Loss of support for the Qing and cemented their downfall as inevitable
-Growth of chinese nationalism support for sun yatsen
-drastic Modernisation and reform

55
Q

What was a huge social impact of the boxer rebellion?

A

-foreign domination increase opium exports
-40% of population became opium addicts

56
Q

Why did Qing lose support of the people?

A

They had loss the Mandate of Heaven and confucian order was upset

57
Q

How was terror used by boxers and foreigners?

A

-foreigners murdered raped looted many civilians and innocent villages aswell as boxers
-boxers killed 32,000 chinese christian converts

china (10 decks)

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