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china > opening up china to foreigners- booklet 1 > Flashcards

opening up china to foreigners- booklet 1 Flashcards

1
Q

when was the treaty of nianjing?

A

1842

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2
Q

the first opium war

A

1839-42

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3
Q

which treaty was a result of the first opium war?

A

treaty of nianjin (1842)

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4
Q

rule of the Qing

A

1644-1912

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5
Q

what was the form of diplomacy used by the British in the 1830s?

A

gunboat diplomacy

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6
Q

terms of the treaty of Nianjin 1842

A

-5 treaty ports set up
-canton system removed
-compensation paid to opium traders for the cost of the opium ($21 million)
-MFN status for Britain
-Hong Kong to Britain

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7
Q

dates for the second anglo Chinese war

A

1856-60

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8
Q

treaty of Tianjin

A

1860

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9
Q

which treaty was a result of the second anglo-chinese war?

A

treaty of Tianjin (1860)

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10
Q

canton system

A

13 merchants were chosen by the imperial government to trade with foreigners from Canton. NO private trade was allowed.

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11
Q

importance of Canton system for Imperial government

A

Controlled movement of goods, set prices, collected tariffs, Consoo fund made Emperor money, kept foreigners in Canton

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12
Q

what does ‘most favoured nation’ mean?

A

secured in article 8
-any deals or treaties secured with other nations must also be extended to Britain.

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13
Q

extraterritoriality

A

-foreigners are not subject to the laws of the country
-can only be tried using their native laws

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14
Q

banner army

A

emperor relied on the armies of powerful families from the provinces

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15
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

-force of history that justifies the holding of power by those in authority
-floods, famine, drought, war could overthrow a dynasty

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16
Q

Western Imperialism

A

spread of economic and political control by European countries over parts of Asia and Africa

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17
Q

Who was the emperor in 1860?

A

Xian Feng

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18
Q

Who was Cixi?

A

-concubine who became Xianfeng’s Empress, ruled on his behalf
-later regent for son and nephew

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19
Q

terms of treaty of Tianjin

A

-Extraterritoriality
-all inland waterways opened to foreign ships
-foreign ambassadors live in Beijing
-10 new treaty ports
-free movement for Christian missionaries

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20
Q

tributary state

A

independent state that pays taxes to china in exchange for protection and trade

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21
Q

What does ‘yi’ mean and what does it suggest about feelings towards foreigners?

A

Yi means ‘alien’. Most Chinese, especially educated, thought that foreigners were barbarians and called them foreign devils.

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22
Q

Why did Chinese kill 17 French missionaries and burn 4 churches in Tianjin, 1870?

A

Rumours orphans were being killed by nuns and their limbs used for aphrodisiacs before sex play between monks and nuns. Heightened anti-foreign feeling.

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23
Q

What was the Self-Strengthening movement 1865?

A

Attempt to modernise China, e.g. Jiangnan Arsenal and Fuzhou Shipyard.

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24
Q

Zongi Yamen

A

Foreign Ministry set up in 1865, the first Ambassador to England was Guo Song Tao

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25
Q

Tongwenguan

A

Interpreter’s College, so Chinese could learn foreign languages for trade.

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26
Q

What was Li Hongzhang famous for?

A

Self Strengthening movement 1870+, diplomacy with France 1884 and Japan 1895

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27
Q

Where and when was the Meiji Revolutions?

A

Japan, 1868+

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28
Q

Mitsubishi’s importance for Japanese Imperialism

A

Government defence contracts for Mitsubishi to build a powerful and modern Japanese Navy for empire building

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29
Q

Japan want Korea 1870+

A

Imperialism, Rice, weaken China, Markets for trade, few westerners to compete with

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30
Q

internal issues was Korea suffering from?

A

Pro Chinese/Anti Japanese, Pro Japanese/Anti Chinese and Anti Chinese-Japanese/Pro Korean uprisings.

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31
Q

What was the Treaty of Tientsin (aka Tianjin) 1885?

A

Japan and China agree NO troops in Korea, and must notify each other if they need to go in.

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32
Q

which treaty did Japan and China agree no troops in Korea and notifying each other if they need to go in?

A

Treaty of Tientsin 1885

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33
Q

trigger of the Sino Japanese war in 1894

A

Pro Japanese Korean official assassinated in Shanghai, uprisings in Korea, both China and Japan send troops but Japanese get there first.

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34
Q

terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki April 1895

A

-Korea became a Japanese Protectorate
-200 million taels reparations to Japan
-4 new Treaty ports
-Taiwan, NE Manchuria and Liaodong peninsula to Japan
-Japan can industrialise any Chinese port.

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35
Q

What did France get by 1901?

A

-1885 Treaty of Tianjin - Vietnam a French Protectorate, trading rights in SE China
-1897 French lease of SW China

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36
Q

What did Britain get by 1901?

A

-1842 Treaty of Nanjing (MFN)
-1860 Treaty of Tianjin (Hong Kong, extraterritoriality etc.),
-1896 Weihaiwei and lease on New Territories (expanded Hong Kong)

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37
Q

What did Russia get by 1901?

A

-1896 - Trans Siberian Railway
-1898 25 year lease of Port Arthur

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38
Q

What did Germany get by 1901?

A

-Naval Base in Shandong, -1897 seized Shandong Peninsula
-99 year lease on Jiaozhou Bay
-concessions in North East to develop mines and railways

39
Q

100 Days of Reform

A

1898 - 103-day national cultural, political, and educational reform movement to modernise China. (Emperor Guangxu)

40
Q

Why did Cixi put Guangxu under house arrest 1898-1908?

A

She was conservative, he was too liberal. Fear of losing influence and westernisation of China.

41
Q

Where did the Boxer Movement emerge from?

A

Rural boxing clubs. Anti-foreign (industrialisation, Christianity etc.).

42
Q

What propaganda did the Boxers use to gain support?

A

Christians caused drought, Boxers impenetrable by foreign bullets, Red Lanterns (woman) could fly vs foreigners as well as drumming up anti foreign feeling.

43
Q

What did Boxer attacks target in 1900?

A

Western infrastructure: Tore up railroads, knocked down telegraphs, burned buildings, attacked Beijing and Chinese Christian converts.

44
Q

Boxers laid siege to Beijing for 55 days. How were they finally defeated?

A

Cixi did not get support from regional banner armies, imperial force was weak, western troops (8 nations) swept through Tianjin, Dagu forts and took Beijing.

45
Q

Why was Cixi reluctant to ban the Boxers, which made it look like she supported them, angering westerners?

A

-Believed there was a Western coup to put Guangxu back on the throne.
-Also wasn’t keen on foreigners so hoped Boxers would be successful in removing them

46
Q

Boxer Protocol was signed in 1901. What humiliating terms did the Qing have to accept?

A

-War guilt
-$450 million reparations
-arsenals and forts destroyed
-foreign troops in Beijing permanently

47
Q

Cixi and Guangxu died

A

1908

48
Q

Cixi and Puyi attempted administrative reforms and improvements to infrastructure (e.g. railway). How did they pay for it?

A

High interest western loans 1902-08 and again in 1910 as well as tax rises in 1902 and 1909, finally a failed attempt to nationalise the railways in 1911.

49
Q

Sun Yatsen

A

1866-1925
-evolutionary who spread republican ideas to educated China
-exiled by the Qing, spent 1896-1911 raising awareness, funds and weapons for revolution
-key organiser of the Wuchang Uprising
-started the GMD

50
Q

Wuchang Uprising

A

-10/10/1911
-central provinces against the poor leadership of the Imperial Government in Beijing

51
Q

why did Puyi not abdicate to Sun Yatsen?

A

Yuan Shikai, military general, was the one given an audience with the court and the decree mentions him
-SY felt a MG could take control of the uprisings
-Yuan supported the uprisings and committed himself to the new republic

52
Q

first modern bank established in china

A

1897

53
Q

how many treaty ports were there by 1900?

A

50

54
Q

internal events 1870-94: political

A

-cixi reactionary and ultra conservative
-imperial gov powerless to stop western encroachment
-political ideas of democracy and republic filtered in to china
-alliance league called for collapse of Qing

55
Q

internal events 1870-94: economic

A

-chinese worker relied on western factories for livelihood, especially in cities
-foreign capital necessary for Chinese survival
-growth of indigenous Chinese business
-poor working conditions and low wages
-strikes and damaging industrial machinery- workers objection to foreign control

56
Q

internal events 1870-94: social

A

-growing m/c due to European trade
-large uneducated peasantry
-50 treaty ports in 1900
-extraterritoriality
-railroad building
-self-strengthening encouraged minor modernisation
-women worked in western factories
-peasants flocked to cities

57
Q

internal events 1870-94: cultural

A

-m/c educated abroad brought back western ideals (democracy, socialism, republic, and modernisation)
-alliance league set up (sun yatsen educated abroad) political groups illegal at this time
-foreign language schools taught m/c Chinese children

58
Q

internal events 1870-94: Chinese ‘love-hate’ of ‘foreign devils’

A

-artisan classes lost skilled jobs
-suspicious peasants
-m/c merchants to jobs from them
-foreign products being used by Chinese

59
Q

how long did the IR take in Japan?

A

40 years

60
Q

ganghwa trade agreement

A

1876
-western goods sold to korea
-japanese factory goods sold to korea
-3 treaty ports

61
Q

Sino-French war

A

Aug 1884- April 1885
-lost south navy to French meant weakend during Sino-japanese war (1894-5)

62
Q

Tonghak rebellion

A

1894
-king Gojong asks Beijing for help
-Japan got there first (weren’t asked)
-attacked British ship called Kowshing Chinese had hired

63
Q

1881

A

50 miles of track laid between Tianjin and Tangshan

64
Q

how many ships acquired by 1877?

A

33 by 1877

65
Q

when did the Yangtze become chinas busiest waterway?

A

by the 1890s

66
Q

how many miles of railway had china managed to build in 1900?

A

120 miles out of the 9,000 miles of track in the entire country

67
Q

young china movement

A

within three years of 1895, 103 study societies, 183 new schools and 62 publishing houses all established in major cities w/purpose of supporting modernisation

68
Q

what were many self-strengtheners motivated by?

A

fear of colonisation from europe or Japan

69
Q

which treaty was a result of the Sino-Japanese war?

A

treaty of Shimonoseki, April 1895

70
Q

Taiping rebellion

A

led by Hong Xiuquan rebelled against Qing in favour of social reform

71
Q

what is the date of the Taiping rebellion?

A

1850-64

72
Q

why did the foreigners ally with China after the treat of Tianjin and defeat the Taiping rebellion?

A

They wanted to protect their economic interests in China that stood with the Qing dynasty and didn’t want negotiate with a new government

73
Q

What was the ever victorious army?

A

group of western mercenaries led by Frederick Townsend Ward who subdued the taiping rebellion

74
Q

What was the change in China between 1800 and 1860?

A

Foreigners had now become equal in China and it was Clear China must adopt foreign ways and methods to modernise and not collapse

75
Q

who was the new emperor after the treaty of Tianjin?

A

Tongzhi

76
Q

how did Britain abuse their extraterritoriality in treaty ports?

A

they impose low tariffs so they could import in large amounts of British goods to china

77
Q

what did the conservatives in the Qing Government believe?

A

Opposed growth in foreign trade and adoption of anything foreign as it challenged sacred Chinese confucian values

78
Q

Why did Shanghai prosper?

A

its geography at the mouth of the Yangtze River and it already had established trade routes as a fishing port

79
Q

when did Britain establish a settlement in Shanghai and what did it cause?

A

1845 and it became very western with luxury things and many banks like HSBC 1865

80
Q

Tongwenguan

A

school established in 1862 to teach foreign languages and science

81
Q

when were other foreign language schools made in Shanghai and guangzhou?

A

1863

82
Q

what is the Zongli Yamen and when was it set up?

A

Chinese Governments first board of foreign ambassadors in 1865

83
Q

what did the Zongli Yamen aim to do?

A

familiarise with international law and diplomacy so China wouldn’t be exploited by unfair treaties again

84
Q

What is the example of Zongli Yamen and Prince Gongs growing diplomatic understanding in 1864?

A

China pointed out the error in the Prussian capture of 3 danish ships in Chinese waters and were compensated.

85
Q

What were other examples of growing diplomacy in the 1860s?

A

China sent delegations on international missions to improve relations and understanding of the western world

86
Q

Who did Christianity become popular with in China?

A

poorer Chinese and oppressed minority groups who opposed Qing rule

87
Q

How did missionaries help China to modernise socially?

A

Chinese converts to Christianity became associated with social reform as they were against the Qing and old Chinese traditions like foot binding

88
Q

how many Chinese converted by 1900?

A

700 000 catholics

89
Q

Why was the hostility towards christians and converts?

A

-accused of rape and incest
-associated with Taiping rebellion

90
Q

Why were missionary schools significant?

A

-translated many western works
-educated Chinese youth on christianity from a young age
-gave basic learning to many Chinese
-weakened the Qing by proposing alternative religion to confucian

91
Q

What caused Chinese resentment that led to the Tianjin massacre in 1870?

A

-Catholic nuns had been kidnapping children for orphanages
-Baptism caused disease
-French church was constructed on site of buddhist temple

92
Q

What were the events that directly caused the Tianjin massacre?

A

anti catholic protesters gathered outside the cathedral and a French diplomat demanded to the local magistrate that they dispersed and ended up shooting his servant

93
Q

what were the events of the Tianjin massacre?

A

-60 converts and missionaries dead
-French diplomat was murdered
-cathedral and orphanage were burnt down
-French gunboats were dispatched

94
Q

impact of the Tianjin massacre

A

-Chinese instigators were executed and a formal apology presented
-only further increased anti foreign feeling in china
-Foreign distrust in Qing government
-showed western powers were still far superior with gunboat diplomacy

china (10 decks)

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