The IPAC Program Flashcards
define a toxoid
a modified bacterial toxin capable of stimulating antitoxin formation
True or false. Passive immunization is effective, but protection is generally limited and diminishes over time (usually a few weeks or months)
true
what is an immunoglubonulin
sterile solution containing antibodies from human blood
what is an antitoxin
a solution of antibodies derived from the serum of animals immunized with specific antigens
true or false. immunization is a broader term that encompasses the use of any immunobiologic to prevent infectious diseases by inducing immunity
true
what are some whole-cell inactivated vaccines?
polio
HAV
rabies
what are some inactive recombinant vaccines?
HBV and HPV
Vaccines can be described as monovalent (a single strain or type of organism), trivalent (three types or strains of a single organism or three different organisms), quadrivalent (four influenza strains), or polyvalent (multiple strains or types
true
what are some potential vaccine allergens?
-stabilizers
-preservatives
-animal proteins
-antibiotics
the only vaccine virus that has been isolated in breast milk is
rubella
what is a precaution
a condition in a potential vaccine recipient that may increase risk of a serious adverse event or comprimise the ability of the vaccine to produce immunity.
what are some examples of precautions?
-moderate or severe acute illness with or without fever
-pregnancy
-previous history of guillian-barre syndrome
-immunosupression
-receipt of an antibody-containing product within a certain time period of vaccination
in who should live vaccines be avoided?
malignancy, symptomatic HIV infection, treatment-induced immune suppression, and similar conditions
exception: MMR in asymptomatic HIV patients
true or false. Inactivated vaccines are not problematic in immunocompetent persons
true
true or false. patients with a mild acute illnesses accompanied by a low-grade fever and recent exposure to an infectious disease are not contraindicated for immunization if they are otherwise healthy
true
who is the dengue fever vaccine recommended for?
anyone ages 9-16 who has had the disease and lives in an endemic area. Not for travelers. Do not vaccinate anyone who has not had dengue as it puts them at risk for severe disease. the second infection poses the highest risk of severe disease
describe vaccine recommendations for Hib (haemophilus Influenza B)
-infants starting at 2 months should get a 2-3 dose monovalent series. booster dose at 12-15 months. not recommended above age 59. Can cause immunobiologic intolerance if administered at under 6 weeks old
who is HAV vaccine recommended for?
adults with chronic liver disease, MSM, international travellers, drug users
not licensed as post exposure prophylaxis
is history of GBS a conctraindication for HBV vaccination?
No
at what age is HPV vaccine given?
females ages 11-12. As young as 9 if victims of sexual assault. catch up vaccination recommended up until age 26. no maximum interval between doses. Infection generally occurs after first sexual experience.
who should get the rotavirus vaccine?
infants. there are 2 live oral vaccines. max age to be given is 14 weeks 6 days. 4 weeks between doses
why are standing orders good?
improve rate of vaccination
what 3 areas must HCP be trained in to give vaccines under a standing order?
-administering vaccine
-contraindications
-adverse events
who is meningitis vaccine recommended for?
any aged up to 55 years. HCP that may be exposed. Two doses of under 16 and one if above.
differentiate between goals and objectives
Goals are desirable outcomes that are clearly but broadly stated (for example, improved patient care);
Objectives are well-defined, measurable actions that help forward IPCP goals (for example, preventing the spread of a particular infection, limiting the impact of an ongoing pandemic or outbreak, or increasing hand hygiene [HH] compliance among staff)
what are some quality improvement and patient safety activities that have arisen from goals and objectives to lessen HAIs
value-based purchasing
evidence-based best practices
technology use
safety culture implementation
and public data reporting
what are the 3 principle goals of the IPAC program?
- protect the patient
- protect HCP, visitors, and all other in the healthcare environment
- cost effectively meet those two goals wherever possible
what are SMART goals
specific
attainable
measurable
relevant
time bound
what are some IPCP requirements?
-a documented IPCP
-at least one trained IP
-ASP
-QAPI program
a risk assessment typically uses what scale of ranking?
ordinal
a risk assessment helps direct resources
to areas of greatest need (greatest time and money impact)
The aim is for HAI rates to be
0
is an IPC committee required by TJC
no but some nations/regions may require and specify who must be on the team
define organizational culture
the set of values, guiding beliefs, or ways of thinking that are shared among members of an organization. It is the “feel” of an organization that is quickly picked up on by new members. Culture is, in short, “the way we do things around here.”
most felt when you do somethiing new
what are some risk and incident reporting terms?
-adverse event: negative impact on patient safety (drug error, HAI)
-sentinel event: “patient safety events resulting in death, permanent harm, or severe temporary harm.” Note that not all adverse events are considered sentinel events.
-near miss: “events in which the unwanted consequences were prevented because there was a recovery by planned or unplanned identification and correction of the failure.”
efective reporting programs should
-be voluntary and confiential
-include standard definitions
-include all populations
-dedicate sufficien HCP for tasks
-provide statistically appropriate sample size
-disseminate data
-monitor rates
what is one key component to establishing a culture of safety
avoiding a punitive
true or false. Traditional culture reacts to harm after it occurs. A safety culture tries to anticipate accidents and errors and to be proactive in identifying risks before they result in harm.
TRUE
define reciprocal accountability
everyone holds each other accountable for patient safety
what are examples of designing in safety to account for the human factor?
Human factors engineering (HFE) is the design of safe, comfortable, and effective tools, machines, and systems that account for human capabilities and limitations, intended to reduce the need for excessive physical exertion, and decrease physical constraints and workload.
Human factors analysis studies the human-machine interface with the intent of improving working conditions or operations.
Ergonomics helps design tasks, jobs, information, tools, equipment, facilities, and the working environment so that people can be safe, effective, productive, and comfortable. In the highly complex healthcare environment, understanding how humans interface with technology and equipment and mindfulness about failure points is crucial to understanding and preventing errors.
Reliability science helps achieve “failure-free” operation over time.
Resiliency helps a system to adjust and sustain operations during periods of stress or after an event.
what is an example of designing for human factors?
AP signage and PPE donning and doffing with numbered steps
what are the 3 error types?
skill based
rule based
knowledge based
differentiate between a slip and a lapse
A slip is an external failure in a plan due to reduced intentionality. A lapse is an internal failure occurring from failures of memory and memory storage.
describe a skill based error
An inadvertent mistake when conducting a routine or automatic task, due to distraction (e.g., forgetting to stop an insulin infusion after stopping tube feeding; or incorrectly connecting a feeding tube to an intravenous port)
describe a rule based erro
Rule-based mistakes occur when a rule or procedure is remembered or applied incorrectly (e.g., injecting a medication into the wrong site). When a contraindication is not recognized, an individual may misapply a seemingly good rule. Past experiences, training, or misunderstanding can result in the development and execution of bad or misapplied rules
describe a knowledge based erro
mistake resulting from incorrect or incomplete knowledge (e.g., administering penicillin to a patient without checking if they are allergic). Confirmation bias is common, and knowledge-based decision-making is highly prone to error. Typically, these errors occur when an individual is confronted by a new situation without all relevant information
define goals
statements that communicate the intent of the curriculum and provide a direction for planning the education session. Expectations should be clearly defined in terms of time and available resources
define facts
facts or information acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject
define skills
the ability to do something well; expertise.”
define knowledge
familiarity with factual information and theoretical concepts; while skills are the practical application of that knowledge
what are hard and soft skills?
hard are technical and soft are social skills
define competency
worker skills, knowledge, and the mindset necessary to achieve effective job performance
actions, which the learner should b able to perform after the educational session, are also known as what?
instructional objectives
properly written instructional objectives describe
learner outcomes in measurable terms and use action verbs such as discuss, describe, demonstrate, compare, or evaluate.
learning outcomes for HCP should increase competence in
Identifying problems.
Critical thinking.
Managing existing situations.
Coping effectively with stress.
Bloom’s work identified what 3 domains of learning?
cognitive (mental skills)
affective (emtional or feelings)
psychomotor (manual or physical skills)
describe the levels of Bloom’s taxonomy
Remembering. Can the learner recall or remember the information?
Understanding. Can the learner explain ideas or concepts?
Applying. Can the learner use the information in a new way?
Analyzing. Can the learner distinguish between the different parts?
Evaluating. Can the learner justify taking a stand or making a decision?
Creating. Can the learner create a new product or a new point of view?
what are some characteristics of adult learners?
They are autonomous.
They are self-directed.
They have a foundation of life experiences and knowledge.
They are goal-oriented.
They are relevancy-oriented (e.g., what is practical in healthcare settings).
They need to be treated with respect.
What are some components of Knowle’s adult learning framework?
learners feel the need to learn
The learning environment is characterized by physical comfort; mutual respect, trust, and helpfulness; freedom of expression; and acceptance of differences
Learners see the goals of the learning experience as their goals
Learners accept a share of the responsibility for planning and operating the learning experience
Learners participate actively in the learning process
The learning process is related to and makes use of the experience of the learners
Learners have a sense of progress toward their goals
describe the 60/40 rule
learning should be 60% active and 40% passive
what are some methods to determine the needs of the learner population?
Learner self-assessment. The learner develops a self-achievement model and compares the present situation to the accepted standard.
Focus-group discussion. Learning needs are assessed in small groups, with members assisting each other to clarify needs.
Interest-finder surveys. These are data-gathering tools, such as checklists or questionnaires.
Test development. Tests can be used as diagnostic tools to identify areas of learning deficiencies.
Personal interviews. The educator consults with random or selected individuals to determine learning needs.
Job analysis and performance reviews. These methods provide specific, precise information about work and performance.
Observational studies. Direct observation of HCP working can be performed by quality management analysts or IPs (e.g., HH study).
Review of internal reports. Incident reports, occupational injury and illness reports, and performance improvement studies can be reviewed to determine the specific learning needs of healthcare providers.
