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Bio 2040 > The Invertebrates > Flashcards

The Invertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

ctenophores

A

-comb jellies
-all marine
-not true jellyfish
-8 rows of cilia are used to move
-2 sticky tentacles without stinging cells
-1st complete gut

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2
Q

complete gut

A

-includes mouth, gastrovascular cavity and2 anal glands
-allows digestion of bigger pieces

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3
Q

porifera

A

-the sponges
-name means pore bearers
-lack true tissues
-no symmetry
-adults are sessile and larvae free swimming

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4
Q

spongocoel

A

-central cavity of the sponge
-water is drawn in through pores, filtered, then into spongocoel, then out the osculum

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5
Q

osculum

A

-hole at top of the sponge
-water leaves through this

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6
Q

choanocytes

A

-line the spongocoel
-trap and eat small particles and plankton

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7
Q

mesohyl

A

-between the choanocytes and the epidermis of the sponge

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8
Q

amoebocytes

A

-absorb food from choanocytes, digest it, and carries the nutrients to other cells

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9
Q

spicules

A

-skeletal fibers or spongin for support in sponges
-some species produce defensive chemicals

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10
Q

sexual reproduction of sponges

A

-most are hermaphrodites producing both eggs and sperm
-sperm is released in water to fertilize eggs in mesophyll of nearby sponges

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11
Q

asexual reproduction of sponges

A

-small fragment may detach and form a new sponge

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12
Q

cnidarian

A

-jellyfish and other radially symmetric organisms
-jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, and corals

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13
Q

cnidaria body forms (2)

A

sessile polyp and motile medusa

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14
Q

sessile polyp

A

-tubular body with tentacles
-opening that serves as mouth and anus
-bottom is attached to substrate

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15
Q

motile medusa

A

-umbrella shaped body
-mouth on underside surrounded by tentacles
-have ocelli that are light sensitive

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16
Q

4 cnidarian classes

A

hydrozoa, scyphozoan, Anthozoa, cubozoan

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17
Q

hydrozoa

A

-blue bottle, hydra, some corals
-marine
-polyp stage

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18
Q

scyphozoan

A

-jellyfish
-marine
-medusa stage dominant and large

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19
Q

anthozoa

A

-sea anemones, sea fans, most corals
-marine
-polyp stage dominant

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20
Q

cubozoa

A

-box jellyfish
-marine
-medusa stage dominant
-box shaped

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21
Q

cnidocytes

A

-stinging cell
-contain nematocytes

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22
Q

stinging cells

A

-function in defense or prey capture
-hairlike trigger (called cnidocil)

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23
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

-invertebrate clade
-lophophore means crown of ciliated tentacles
-bryozoans, brachiopods, mollusks, annelids
-trochophore larval stage

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24
Q

bryozoans

A

-phylum of simple aquatic invertebrates
-live in sedentary colonies
-use lophophore to filter feed

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25
Q

brachiopods

A

-hard valves on upper and lower surface
-front can open for feeding

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26
Q

mollusks

A

-2nd largest bodied phylum
-soft bodied invertebrate with shell/ mantle

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27
Q

annelids

A

-earthworms and leeches
-segmented

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28
Q

trochophore larval stage

A

-free swimming larva
-small and translucent

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29
Q

flatworms

A

-in phylum Platyhelminthes
-predatory lifestyle but most parasitic
-bilateral symmetry
-respire by diffusion
-gastrovascular cavity

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30
Q

cephalization

A

-to form a head

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31
Q

triploblastic organisms

A

-3 embryonic germ layers

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32
Q

mesoderm

A

-allowed sophisticated organs

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33
Q

flatworm anatomy

A

-ectoderm (outside)
-mesoderm (holds organs)
-endoderm (inside)

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34
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

-very broad
-may have ocelli
-cerebral ganglia
-sexual or asexual reproduction
-most hermaphroditic but don’t self fertilize

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35
Q

ocelli

A

-light sensitive eyespots

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36
Q

cerebral ganglia

A

-cluster of nerves around head area which does processing

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37
Q

Flatworm classes

A

-Turbellaria (planarians)
-monogenean (fish flukes)
-cestode (tapeworms)
-Trematoda (flukes)

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38
Q

The Cestode Life cycle

A

-often requires 2 different vertebrates to begin life cycle
-continues to grow and switch hosts until it starts again

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39
Q

Phylum rotifera

A

-named for ciliated crown used to catch food
-mostly freshwater and microscopic
-sperate mouth and anus
-pedal glands to stick to surface

40
Q

pathogenetic reproduction

A

-rotifers use this
-unfertilized diploid eggs develop into females
-mitosis doesn’t complete and diploid is retained

41
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

-snails, clams, octopuses, chitons
-mostly marine

42
Q

Mollusk anatomy

A

-soft body often with shell
-foot used for movement
-visceral mass contains organs
-mantle secretes shell
-gills

43
Q

radula

A

-mollusks have these
-unique tongue like organ that crape bacteria and small organs off of surfaces

44
Q

4 classes of molluska

A

-bivalve (2 shell)
-chitons (8 shelled)
-gastropods( snails and slugs) (stomach footed)
-cephalopods( octopuses, squids) (head footed)

45
Q

class Cephalopoda

A

-fast swimming marine predators
-beaklike jaw surrounded by arms
-foot modified into muscular siphon
-blue blood and ink

46
Q

Phylum Annelid

A

-earthworms, leeches, marine worms, and tube worms
-rings of segmentation

47
Q

Annelid groups

A

-errantia (predators, eyes, brightly colored, burrow)
-tube worms (marine, filter feeder)
-earthworms (burrow in soil)
-leeches (freshwater, parasites)

48
Q

Ectozoan

A

-cuticle for protection
-internal fertilization

49
Q

phylum nematoda

A

-roundworms
-in nearly all habitats
-tough collagen cuticle covers body
-has pseudocoelom (hydrostatic skeleton and circulatory system)
-large number are parasites

50
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

-live in all biomes because of unique body plans
-exoskeleton of chitin and protein
-water resistant

51
Q

Arthropod body plan

A

-segmented with joints
-sensory organs
-eyes and sophisticated brain
-open circulatory system

52
Q

Arthropod subphyla

A

-Chelicerata (spiders, scorpions, mites)
-Myriapoda (millipede and centipedes)
-hexapod (beetles, butterflies, fleas,)
-Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, shrimp)

53
Q

Subphylum Chelicerate

A

-3 living classes
-Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites)
-Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
-Pycnogonida (sea spiders)

54
Q

Spiders

A

-fangs (chelicerae) with venom
-produce silk to catch prey

55
Q

subphylum Myriapoda

A

-class Diplopoda (millipedes)
-class Chilipoda (centipedes)

56
Q

subphylum hexapoda

A

-insects
-wings are crucial to success
-internal fertilization
- metamorphosis (complete and incomplete)

57
Q

complete metamorphasis

A

-4 stages
-most common
-adults don’t compete for resources with young

58
Q

incomplete metamorphasis

A

-3 stages
-young resemble miniature adults

59
Q

Subphylum Crustacea

A

-crabs, lobsters, barnacles, and shrimp
-marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
-2 pairs on antennae
-mandible, maxilla, and maxillipeds
-walking legs and swimmerets

60
Q

Deuterostomia

A

-includes echinoderms and chordates

61
Q

Deuterostomia language breakdown

A

-deuter means second
-stoma means small opening

62
Q

Echinodermata language breakdown

A

-echin means prickle
-derma means skin

63
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

-radial symmetry
-simple nervous system
-endoskeleton covered in spines
-tube feet
-external fertilization

64
Q

Phylum Chordata anatomy

A

-notochord (spine)
-dorsal hollow nerve (nerve)
-pharyngeal slits (gills)
-postanal tail (movement)

65
Q

Phylum Chordata language breakdown

A

-cephalo means brain or head
-chora means site

66
Q

subphylum cephalochordate

A

-lancelets
-marine filter feeders
-have all 4 chordate characteristics
-gas exchange across body surface
-sessile but can leave burrow and swim

67
Q

tunicates

A

-rudimentary circulatory system
-simple nervous system
-sea squirts

68
Q

Subphylum Urochordata

A

-tunicates (animals encased in tunic0
-adults sessile with pharyngeal slits
-filter feeders with 2 siphons

69
Q

Vertebrates

A

-also known as chordates with a backbone
-cranium
-endoskeleton of cartilage or bone
-diversity of internal organs

70
Q

The main clades of vertebrates

A

-cyclostomata
-Chondrichthyes
-Actinopterygii
-Sarcopterygii
-Amphibia

71
Q

cyclostomata- Vertebrate

A
  • hagfish and lampreys
    -jawless and eel like
    -lack eyes and rudimentary vertebrate
    -
72
Q

gnathostomes- Vertebrate

A

-fish
-jawed vertebrates
-fins and gills

73
Q

chondrichyes- Vertebrate

A

-sharks, skates, and rays
-cartilaginous fish
-denser than water so use fins and large oil finned liver
-2 chambered heart
-teeth not set in jaw
-lateral line for pressure wave detection
-internal fertilization

74
Q

oviparous

A

-lays eggs

75
Q

ovoparious

A

-eggs retained in female no placenta

76
Q

viviparous

A

-eggs develop in uterus, placenta nourish young

77
Q

Osteichyes

A

-includes all vertebrates with bony skeleton
-includes bony fish like the Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii
-scale covered skin with operculum over gills
-swim bladder
-external fertilization

78
Q

Actinopterygii

A

-ray finned fish
-lfns support by thin bony flexible rays
-include lionfish, moray eels, and sea dragons

79
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

-lobe finned fish
-fish supported by skeletal extensions of the pectoral

80
Q

Tetrapods

A

-sturdy lobe fishes became animals with 4 limbs
-transition animal from water to land (amphibians)

81
Q

amphibians

A

-lungs for a semiterrestrial lifestyle
-buccal pumping forces air into lungs
-3 chambered heart
-external fertilization
-larvae are aquatic

82
Q

amphibian orders

A

-anura (frogs and toads)
-Apoda (caecilians, blind burrowers)
-urodele (salamanders, colorful, toxic)

83
Q

reptiles are broken into 3 groups

A

-testitudes (turtles)
-squamata (snake)
-crocidilia (crocidiles and alligators)

84
Q

Amniotes

A

-tetrapod’s with a desiccation resistant egg
-can breathe through skin
-thoracic breathing
-kidneys conserve water

85
Q

desiccation resistant egg

A

-allows animals to lay eggs on dry land
-holds moisture in egg with shell

86
Q

desiccation resistant egg anatomy (outside to center)

A

-shell (pores allow water and air in, protection)
-albium (reservoir of water and proteins)
-chorion (gas exchange)
-allantois (holds wastes of embryo)
-yolk sac (nutrients for embryo)
-amnion (protects embryo in amniotic cavity)
-embryo (grows)

87
Q

reptiles

A

-birds are considered reptile lineage
-includes turtles, crocodilians, and snakes

88
Q

Testudines

A

-turtles
-protective shell
-vertebrate and ribs fused to shell
-sharp beak
-eggs laid on land

89
Q

squamata

A

-lizards and snakes
-carnivorous
-kinetic skull

90
Q

crocidillia

A

-teeth in sockets
-4 chambered heart
-care for young
-closest relative to bird

91
Q

Aves

A

-birds
-feathers for warmth and flight
-air sacs for breathing
-single ovary, no bladder, no teeth
-hollow bones
-large sternum

92
Q

mammals

A

-milk producing amniotes
-range in body forms and sizes
-hair
-specialized teeth
-large skull and brain
-4 groups (protheria, theria, metatharia, eutheria)

93
Q

Prototheria- mammals

A

-mammals that lay eggs such as the platypus

94
Q

theria- mammals

A

-marsupials such as kangaroos and koalas

95
Q

metatheria- mammals

A

-oppossum
-closer to marsupials than placentals
-mostly in australia

96
Q

eutheria- mammals

A

-all mammals
-placental
-long gestation period

Bio 2040 (3 decks)

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