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Bio 2040 > Plants & The Conquest Of Land > Flashcards

Plants & The Conquest Of Land Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

kingdom plantae

A

-multicellular eukaryotic organism composed of cells having plastids
-primarily live on land
-evolved from green algae

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2
Q

Plants Ancestry

A

-originated from photosynthetic protist
-modern plants are closest to green algae
-algae have several traits similar to plants \

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3
Q

plasmodesmata

A

-intercellular pores connecting adjacent plant cells

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4
Q

distinctive features of land plants

A

-3 dimensional tissues ( avoid water loss)
-able to grow large bodies
-tissues and organs with special functions

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5
Q

alternation of generations

A

-when 2 types of multicellular bodies alternate in time
-the diploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis
-the haploid gametes produces gametes by mitosis

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6
Q

maternal tissue

A

-protects sporophyte embryo
-allows land plants to produce many more spores or zygote that do algae

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7
Q

bryophytes

A

-includes liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
-relatively small
-common and diverse in moist habitats
-reproductive features such as alternation of generations, multicellular embryos, and tough walled spores

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8
Q

seedless vascular plants

A

-includes lycophytes and pteridophytes
-possess vascular tissue
-tissues that move water and nutrients to give structural support
-lack seeds

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9
Q

stems

A

-produce leaves and sporangia
-contains transport tissues

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10
Q

roots

A

-specialized for the of water and minerals from the soil

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11
Q

leaves

A

-photosynthetic functions

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12
Q

ways that plants keep water

A

-waxy cuticle
-cutin
-stoma

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13
Q

waxy cuticle

A

-on leaves
-prevents desiccation (removal of moisture)

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14
Q

cutin fount in cuticle

A

-helps block pathogens

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15
Q

stoma

A

-pores that open and close to allow gas exchange while minimizing water loss

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16
Q

gymnosperms

A

-includes cycads, ginko, and conifers
-reproduce using both spores and seeds
-seed plant
-seeds protect and provide energy for the young sporophyte

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17
Q

angiosperm

A

-presence of flowers and endosperm
-flowers enhance seed production and seed dispersal

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18
Q

endosperm

A

-nutritive seed tissue with increased storage efficiency

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19
Q

coal age forest

A

-layers of dead plant tissue eventually forming coal

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20
Q

multicellular diploid sporophyte

A

-allows a single land plant to disperse widely
-uses meiosis to make many haploid spores
-each spore has the potential to grow into a gamete

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21
Q

haploid dominant life cycle of algae

A

-the plant makes a egg which is fertilized by a sperm
-it will go through meiosis which will make spores making new plants
-after fertilization it is diploid until it becomes a spore again

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22
Q

Alternation of generations

A

-the plant which holds eggs is fertilized\
-the fertilized egg goes through mitosis and a new multicellular diploid id born
-the plant goes through meiosis to create spores

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23
Q

Gametophytes

A

-their role is to produce haploid gametes
-protects developing gametes from drying out

24
Q

antheridia

A

-spherical or elongate gametangia producing sperm

25
Q

archegonia

A

-flask shaped gametangia enclosing an egg

26
Q

matrotrophy

A

-when zygotes remain sheltered and fed withing gametophyte tissue

27
Q

sporangia

A

-enclosures that mature spores produce to protect themselves

28
Q

sporopollen

A

-the tough material in plant spore cell walls that helps prevent cellular damage

29
Q

plant embryos

A

-young sporophytes that develop from zygotes
-multicellular and diploid
-retained in maternal tissue
-depends on organic and mineral materials supplied by mother plant
-placental transfer tissue

30
Q

lexophiles or megaphylls

A

the simplest most ancient leaves produced by lycophytes

31
Q

ovule

A

-sporangium with single spore and a very small egg

32
Q

microsporangia produce…

A

small microspores that give rise to male gametophytes (pollen grains)

33
Q

Megasporangia produce…

A

large megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes that produce eggs

34
Q

pollination

A

-the process by which pollen comes in contact with ovules
-typically occurs by means of wind or animal transport
-after pollination the pollen will germinate producing sperm
-fertilization cannot occur until after pollination

35
Q

double fertilization

A

-one sperm fertilized egg to become embryo
-other sperm fuses with different gametophyte tissue to form endosperm and hardens
-this creates a seed

36
Q

seeds

A

-huge advantage
-can remain dormant in soil until favorable conditions
-can store food
-sperm can reach egg without water

37
Q

first seed plants

A

-gymnosperms and angiosperms

38
Q

gymnosperms

A

-exposed / “naked” seeds
-woody shrubs and trees

39
Q

wood

A

-strengthens plants
-helps plant cope with weather changes
-strengthened by tissue called lignin
-transport of water through plant

40
Q

cycads

A

-300 species today
-tropical and subtropical areas
-palm like leaves

41
Q

features of cycads

A

-coralloid roots
-produce toxins to deter herbivorous animals
-distinctive reproduction

42
Q

coralloid roots

A

-roots above ground resemble corals
-harbor cyanobacteria for nitrogen fixation

43
Q

reproduction of cycads

A

-conelike structures bearing ovules and seeds or pollen
-cones emit odors that attract beetles
- beetles carry pollen ovules

44
Q

Ginko Biloba

A

-nearly extinct in the wild
-individual trees produce wither ovules and seeds or pollen
-can live more than 1000 years and grow up to 30 meters high

45
Q

conifers

A

-named for seed cone
-common in mountain and high latitude forests

46
Q

conifer reproduction

A

-simple pollen cones
-more complex ovule bearing cones
-mature pollen is released in the wind

47
Q

Conifer seeds

A

-some seed coats have wings for wind dispersal
-other seeds are brightly colored and fleshy

48
Q

conifer leaves

A

-cold climate adaptations
-conical shape and flexible branches
-scale like or needle leaves
-thick waxy cuticle
-most are evergreens

49
Q

advantages of angiosperms

A

-flowers and fruits
-enclosed seeds
-seed endosperm

50
Q

flowers

A

-complex reproductive structures
-4 types of organs (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels)
-also contains the pistil (stigma, style ovary)

51
Q

sepals

A

-green outer layer of the flower

52
Q

petals

A

-often colorful

53
Q

stamen

A

-produce pollen

54
Q

carpels

A

-produce ovules

55
Q

stigma

A

-receives and recognizes pollen
-only appropriate pollen will be allowed to germinate

56
Q

style

A

-elongate middle portion

57
Q

ovary

A

-lowermost portion that encloses and protects ovules
-pollen tube delivers sperm to ovule
-ovaries develop into fruits

Bio 2040 (3 decks)

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