The Internet Flashcards
A small number if companies that own backbones. Charge large sums of money to connect but do not charge each other to connect
Tier 1 Providers
Long-distance, high-speed fiber optic networks. Span the major cities of the earth and interconnect at Network Access Points
Backbones
Special locations where backbones interconnect
Network Access Point (NAP)
Own smaller, regional networks and must pay the Tier 1 providers. Most of the famous companies that provide Internet access to the general public are these
Tier 2 Providers
Even more regional than tier 2 providers and connect to Tier 2 providers
Tier 3 Providers
Piece of equipment that makes the tiered Internet concept work. They connect to more than one other one, creating a big, interwoven nature of the Internet
Backbone Router
Companies that lease connections to the Internet from Tier 1 or Tier 2 providers
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
Requires two pieces to work - hardware to dial the ISP and software to govern the connection
Dial Up Connections
Device that converts a digital bit stream into an analog signal (modulation) and converts incoming analog signals back into digital signals (demodulation). An analog communications channel is typically a telephone line, and analog signals are typically sounds
Modem
One analog cycle on a telephone line. In the early days of telephone data transmission, the rate was often analogous to bits per second. Due to advanced modulation of these cycles as well as data compression, this is no longer true
Baud
Fastest rate a phone line can achieve
2400 baud
Modems connect to telephone cables with a four-wire connector and port. Telephone cable is ______; the connectors and ports are _________
Cat1, RJ-11
Almost all internal modems connect to a _______ or ______ expansion bus slot inside the computer
PCI, PCIe
Contemporary external modems connect to the computer through an available _____ port. It offers simple plug and play and easy portability between machines, plus some modems require no external electrical source, getting all power they need from that connection
USB
Enables a computer to connect to the Internet through a dial-in connection and enjoy most of the benefits of a direct connection
Point-to-point protocol (PPP)
The process of sending telephone transmission across fully digital lines end-to-end, replacing the analog telephone system. Connects much faster than modems
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) service
Carry data and voice information at 64 Kbps
Bearer (B) channels
Carry setup and configuration information and data at 16 Kbps
Delta (D) channel
Common setup of two B/one D. Uses only one physical line, but each B channel sends 64 Kbps, doubling the throughput to 128 Kbps
Basic Rate Interface (BRI) setup
Another type of ISDN that is composed of 23 64-Kbps B channels and one 64-bit D channel. Also known as T1 lines
Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
The most common interface for your computer is this device. They look like regular modems and they come in external and internal variants. Can get ones that connect directly to LAN
Terminal Adapter (TA)
High-speed Internet connection technology that uses a regular telephone line for connectivity. It comes in several varieties and many speeds
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Remove the high-pitch screech of the DSL signal, enabling phones and fax machines to operate correctly
DSL Microfilters
Uses regular TV cables to serve up lightning-fast speeds. Offers faster service than most DSL connections, with upload speeds from 5 to 35+ Mbps and download speeds ranging anywhere from 15 to 1000+ Mbps
Cable
Start with an RG-6 or RG-59 cable coming into your house. The cable connects to a cable modem that then connects to a small home router or your NIC via Ethernet
Cable Internet connections
Fiber connection runs from the provider to a box somewhere in your neighborhood. This box connects to your home or office using normal coaxial or Ethernet cabling. It runs from the provider straight to a home or office, using fiber the whole way. Once inside your home/office, you can use any standard cabling/wireless to connect your computers to the Internet
Fiber-to-the-Node (FTTN)
AT&T Fiber that gives 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps for download and upload; Verizon Fios provides upload and download speeds from 50Mbps to 1Gbps; Google Fiber offers a 1-Gbps upload/download service
Fiber-to-the-Premises (FTTP)
Using high-powered, directional antennas and Ethernet bridge devices that can give you a connection up to eight miles or more. Could use another band such as 24-GHz
Line-of-Sight Wireless Internet connection
Process where you share a connection from a phone or tablet to a cellular network. Using a hotspot is a form of this
Tethering
Evolved into GPRS and EDGE (2.5G tech)
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
Introduced EV-DO (3G)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Brought GSM-based networks into the world of 3G and 3.5G
UTMS, HSPA+, HSDPA
4G tech that features theoretical speeds of up to 1Gbps download and 100Mbps upload
Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology
A device that connects via cellular and enables other devices to access the Internet
Mobile Hotspot
Works similarly to a wireless LAN (WLAN) but connects multiple networks similarly to a WAN
Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)
Call for speeds up to 20Gbps
5G
Data is beamed to a satellite dish on your home or office; a receiver handles the flow of data, eventually sending it through an Ethernet cable to the NIC in your computer
Satellite Connections
A delay created from the distance the signal must travel to the satellite
Satellite Latency
A means of translating a system’s IP address into another IP address before sending it out to a larger network. It manifests itself by a program that runs on a system or a router. A network using it provides the system on the network with private IP addresses. The system running the software has two interfaces - one connected to the network and the other connected to the larger network
Network Address Translation (NAT)
The program takes packets from the client systems bound for the larger network and translates their internal private IP addresses to its own public IP address, enabling many systems to share a single IP address
NAT
Many computers can share a smaller pol of routable IP addresses with this. Also called Pooled NAT
Dynamic NAT (DNAT)
A feature used by networking devices designed for residential spaces to seek out, find, and connect to other UPnP devices. Enables seamless interconnectivity at the cost of somewhat lowered security
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)
Web pages function. Port number 80
HTTP
Secure Web page function. Port number 443
HTTPS
File transfer function. Port numbers 20, 21
FTP
Secure file transfer function. Port number 22
SFTP
Incoming email function. Port number 143
IMAP
Incoming email function. Port number 110
POP3
Outgoing email function. Port number 25
SMTP
Terminal emulation function. Port number 23
Telnet
Encrypted terminal emulation function. Port number 22
SSH
Remote Desktop function. Port number 3389
RDP
Voice over IP function. Port number 5060
SIP
Allows the use of DNS naming; UDP protocol, port number 53
DNS
Automatic IP addresssing; UDP protocol, port numbers 67, 68
DHCP
Querying directories; TCP protocol, port number 389
LDAP
Remote management of network devices; UDP protocol, port numbers 161, 162
SNMP
Windows naming/folder sharing; TCP protocol, port number 445; UDP protocol, port numbers 137, 138, 139
SMB/CIFS
macOS file services; TCP protocol, port number 548
AFP
NetBIOS over TCP/IP; TCP protocol, port numbers 137, 139; UDP protocol, port numbers 137, 138
NetBIOS/NetBT
Services discovery protocol; TCP/UDP protocol, port number 427
SLP
