Local Area Network Flashcards by Frank Cao

Software that takes the incoming data received by the network card, keeps it organized, sends it to the app that needs it, and then takes outgoing data from the app and hands it to the NIC to be sent out over the network

Network Protocol Software

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Group of simple protocols

Protocol Stack/Suite

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The primary protocol of most modern networks, including the Internet

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

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Identifies the node and the network on which it resides in a TCP/IP network. Unique identification number for your system on the network

IP Address

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Internet standard protocol that provides a common layer over dissimilar networks; used to move packets among host computers and through gateways if necessary. Part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. Uses the dotted-decimal format - x.x.x.x. Where each x represents an 8-bit binary number (0-255)

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)

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Portion of the IP address that identifies the network

Network ID

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Portion of the IP address that identifies the local computer

Host ID

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A value used by the NIC to distinguish which part of the IP address identifies the network ID and which part of the address identifies the host. It blocks out/masks the network portion of an IP address

Subnet Mask

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Every computer on a single LAN must have _____ network ID and a ______ host ID

Same, seprare

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When two computers have the same IP address, they won’t be able to talk to each other and other computers won’t know where to send data

IP Conflict

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In a TCP/IP network, the nearest router to a particular host. This router’s IP address is part of the necessary TCP/IP configuration for communicating with multiple networks using IP

Default Gateway

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TCP/IP name resolution system that translates a host name into an IP address. Uses UDP port 53

Domain Name Services (DNS)

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Special computers that keep databases of IP addresses and their corresponding names

DNS Servers

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.com, .edu, .mil, .int, .org, .gov, and .net

Top-Level Domains (TLDs)

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General business domain

.com

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Educational organization domain

.edu

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Military organization domain

.mil

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International domain

.int

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Nonprofit organization domain

.org

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Government organization domain

.gov

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Internet organization domain

.net

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Protocol that enables client hosts to request and receive TCP/IP settings automatically from an appropriately configured server. Uses UDP ports 67 and 68

Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP)

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Manually set IP address that will not change

Static IP address

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Connection-oriented protocol used with TCP/IP. Gets an app’s data from one machine to another reliably and completely

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

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Connectionless protocol used with TCP/IP. Works best when you have a lot of data to send that doesn’t need to be perfect or when the systems are so close to each other that the chances of a problem occurring are too small to bother worrying about. Faster than TCP

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Services such as HTTP or SSH that run atop TCP/IP

TCP/IP Services

Extremely fast protocol used for network file transfers in the WWW environment. Uses port 80

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Terminal emulation program similar to Telnet, except that the entire connection is encrypted

Secure Shell (SSH)

Provides a really great way to see if you can talk to another system

“ping” command

Windows offers this command-line tool for a quick glance at your network settings

“ipconfig” command

Command that shows all of your TCP/IP settings. The latter is the command for macOS and Linux

“ipconfig /all”/“ifconfig” command

Get a new IP address

“ipconfig /renew” command

Give up the current IP address

“ipconfig /release” command

Command that is a powerful command-line program that enables you to determine exactly what information the DNS server is giving you about a specific host name

“nslookup” command

Utilities that show the route that a packet takes to get to its destination

“tracert” (Windows)/“traceroute” (macOS, Linux)

tracert

Syntax for “tracert/traceroute”

Modern OS support for these (Windows for former, other OSes for latter) that automatically assigns an IP address to the system when the client cannot obtain an IP address automatically. Enabled by default if your system is configured to obtain an IP address automatically

Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)/zeroconf

Protocol in which addresses consist of eight sets of four hexadecimal numbers, each number being a value between 0000 and ffff, using a colon to separate the numbers

Internet Protocol version 6

DHCP

Dynamic IP Addressing

IPv6’s equivalent to IPv4’s APIPA/zeroconf address. The first 64 bits are always fe80

Link-local Address

Second 64 bits of a link-local address which is generated in two ways: every current OS generates a 64-bit random number and very old OSes (like XP and Windows Server 2003) used the device’s MAC address to create a 64-bit number

Interface ID

A 64-bit number created using the device’s MAC address on older OSes like WinXP and Windows Server 2003

Extended Unique Identifier, 64-bit (EUL-64)

Systems use these to determine whether to send packets to a local address or to the default gateway to send the packets out to the Internet. None are longer than 64 bits (/64) since the last 64-bits of an IPv6 address are generated by the NIC. The five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) pass out /48 prefixes to big ISPs and end users who need large allotments

IPv6 Prefix Lengths

A second IPv6 address that a system needs to get on the Internet. The most common way to get one is to request it from the default gateway router which must be configured to pass out global IPv6 addresses

Global Unicast Address/Global Address

Message sent out when you plug a computer into a network looking for a router. Uses the address ff02:2

Router Solicitation (RS)

Message sent by the router that tells the computer its network ID and subnet (together called the prefix) and DNS server (if configured)

Router Advertisement (RA)

Address that is read only by other computers running IPv6 in the network. Different from broadcast address. IPv6 doesn’t have broadcast addresses, only these

Multicast Address

Mode that all modern NICs run that allows sending and receiving data at the same time

Full-Duplex Mode

Mode that allows sending and receiving data but not at the same time

Half-Duplex Mode

Feature that the vast majority of NICs and switches use to accommodate very old devices that might attach to the network and need to run in half-duplex mode

Autosensing

LED status indicators that give information about the state of the NIC’s link to whatever is on the other end of the connection

Link Lights

LED that turns on when the card detects network traffic, so it makes an intermittent flickering when operating properly

Activity Light

Feature that allows you to turn on or wake up a powered-down or sleeping PC. Handy when you want to wake up one or multiple computers that aren’t physically near

Wake-On LAN

Router feature used to prioritize access to network resources. Ensures certain users, apps, or services are prioritized when there isn’t enough bandwidth to go around by limiting the bandwidth for certain types of data based on app protocol, the IP address of a computer, and all sorts of other features

Quality of Service (QoS)

A smart, automatic device that doesn’t do much more than connecting devices

Unmanaged Switch

Offer a lot of extra features that modern networks use to provide added security and efficiency. They have an IP address that you can use to configure the options

Managed Switch

Permissions that only apply to network sharing

Share Permissions

Permissions that affect both local and network access to shared resources

NTFS Permissions

The most basic and simplistic of the three network organizations. The default for almost every fresh installation of Windows. Lack centralized control over the network; all systems connected to the networks are equals.

Workgroups

A network organization that centralizes user accounts, passwords, and access to resources

Domain

A computer running Windows Server that stores a set of domain accounts in a Windows domain

Domain Controller

A process where anyone with a domain account to log on to any computer in the domain with a single account. User authentication through the single domain account enables access to all machines on the domain

Single Sign-On

The Active Directory folder where all the built-in domain groups are stored, such as Domain Administration and Users

Builtin

The Active Directory folder where every system from servers to workstations are listed

Computers

Windows 7/8/8.1 (and early 10 versions). Connects a group of computers using a common password - no special user names required. Requires the IPv6 protocol. Each computer can only be connected to one at a time

HomeGroup

Sends data out of the NIC and checks to see if it comes back. A special test that is often included with NICs that come with diagnostic software

Loopback Test

The generic term for two separate devices that are used together

Toner

Connects to the cable using alligator clips, tiny hooks, or a network jack and it sends an electrical signal along with the wire at a certain frequency

Tone Generator

Emits a sound when it is placed near a cable connected to the tone generator

Tone Probe

Command that enables you to view a network quickly from the command-line. Works great when plugging into a network for the first time and don’t know the names of other computers on that network

“net” command

Shows you any shares on that machine and whether they are mapped drives

“net view ” command

A command-line method for mapping network shares

“net use” command