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EARTH SCI Q2 > THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE: OCEAN BASIN > Flashcards

THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE: OCEAN BASIN Flashcards

1
Q

geologic process in which tectonic plates split apart from each other as a result of mantle convection.

A

SEAFLOOR SPREADING

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2
Q

CONTINENTAL DRIFT EVIDENCE

A

The Jigsaw fit of Africa and South America
Fossils
Glaciers
Mountains and mineral deposits
Coal belts

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3
Q

South America and Africa fit; Europe and north America fits together

A

Jigsaw fit of Africa and South America

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4
Q

Glacial scarring of rock.

A

Scour

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5
Q

the oldest continental rocks dated by radioactivity

A

3.98 billion years old

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6
Q

Wegener first presented his idea of continental drift in ____

A

1912

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7
Q

the top layer of earth’s crust is broken up into large slabs

A

plates

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8
Q

the movement of lower molten layers causes the plates to shift.

A

plate tectonics

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9
Q

scientists estimate that the continents move anywhere from:

A

one centimeter to several inches per year

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10
Q

studying the magnetism of rocks from varying geological period revealed the orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field at the time of the rock’s formation.

A

PALEOMAGNETISM

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11
Q

Wegener’s continental drift theory finally became generally accepted in the 1950’s and 1960’s through evidence provided by the study of :

A

PALEOMAGNETISM

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12
Q

This suggest that the continents and ocean are probably permanent features of Earth’s surface

A

PLATE BOUNDARIES

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13
Q

two tectonic plates move away from each other.

A

Divergent Boundary

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14
Q

two tectonic plates come together.

A

Convergent Boundary

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15
Q

splits into two pieces and carried in opposite directions.

A

Transform plate boundary:

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16
Q

7 major tectonic plate

A

`African Plate
Antarctic Plate
Eurasian Plate
Indian-Australian Plate
North America Plate
Pacific Plate
South America Plate

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17
Q

7 minor tectonic plate

A

Arabian Plate
Caribbean Plate
Cocos Plate
Juan de Fuca Plate
Nazca Plate
Philippine Plate
Scotia Plate

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18
Q

are areas found under the sea.

A

ocean basins

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19
Q

These areas can be relatively inactive areas where deposits of sediment slowly collect, or active areas where tectonic plates meet.

A

ocean basins

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20
Q

The ocean floor is primarily composed of:

A

basalt and gabbro.

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21
Q

It is normally found rising above the ocean floor at the center of the ocean basins.

A

Mid-oceanic ridge

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22
Q

Mid-oceanic ridge constitutes __% of the Earth’ surface

A

23%

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23
Q

They are long narrow, steep-sided depressions that contain the greatest depths in the ocean.

A

Ocean Trenches

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24
Q

another raised feature found within ocean basins and found on the deep ocean floor.

A

Abyssal Hill/Plain

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25
Q

These features can be very large submerged volcanic mountain reaching heights up to 10,000 feet.

A

Seamounts

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26
Q

it is similar to a seamount, but it is submerged volcanic mountain with a flat top. It’s structure is due to erosive processes caused by waves after years

A

Guyot

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27
Q

This feature found gently sloping area before the ocean floor and at the base of the continental slope and formed by emerging accumulates deposits at the mounts of many submarine canyons.

A

Continental Rise

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28
Q

is a shallow, gently sloping part of the continent crust

A

Continental Shelf

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29
Q

This part of the ocean basin extends and slopes after the continental shelf

A

Continental Slope

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30
Q

The boundary between the continental slope and shelf is called ______________

A

continental shelf break

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31
Q

are composed of layers or features called strata

A

ROCKS

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32
Q

These layers are used to determine the age of rocks.

A

rock strata

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33
Q

Almost the same as sedimentary rocks.

A

Stratified Rocks

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34
Q

Stratification, is also called

A

bedding

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35
Q

is the study of rock layers and their relationships to each other

A

Stratigraphy

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36
Q

TELL US THE SEQUENCE IN WHICH EVENTS OCCURED, NOT HOW LONG AGO THEY OCCURED.
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

A

RELATIVE

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37
Q

PROCESS OF ESTABLISHING THE AGE OF AN OBJECT BY DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF YEARS IT HAS EXISTED.

A

ABSOLUTE

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38
Q

used to determine the comparative or relative age of the rock to each other.
this technique cannot give the exact age of the rock.

A

RELATIVE ROCK DATING

39
Q

RELATIVE ROCK DATING is guided by 3 basic Laws (_________)

A

Steno’s Law

40
Q

Steno’s Law is authored by

A

Nicolaus Steno.

41
Q

geologist and anatomist whose early observations greatly advanced the development of geology.

A

NICOLAS STENO

42
Q

His research on the formation of rock layers and the fossils they contain has been instrumental in the advancement of modern geology.

A

NICOLAS STENO

43
Q

This law states that the older stratum lies below the younger layer.

A

LAW OF SUPERPOSITION

44
Q

This law states that any feature such as fault that cuts across a sequence of rocks is younger that everything it cuts.

A

LAW OF CROSSCUTTING

45
Q

any rock, fragment, clast, or intrusion that is included inside of another rock is older than the rock in which it is included.

A

LAW OF INCLUSION

46
Q

used to determine the absolute age of the rock.

A

Radiometric Dating

47
Q

In this technique, the decay rate of radioactive isotopes which are embedded in the rock are measured.

A

Radiometric Dating

48
Q

are elements with equal number of protons but different masses.

49
Q

the tendency of a certain atoms, emitting energy in the process.

A

Radioactive decay

50
Q

unstable radioactive isotope is called the:

A

PARENT ISOTOPE

51
Q

the stable isotope produced by the radioactive decay of the parent isotope is called the

A

DAUGHTER ISOTOPE.

52
Q

good technique in determining the absolute age of fossils found in rocks.

A

carbon dating

53
Q

are remains of organisms preserved in rocks.

54
Q

The Carbon-14 method of radiometric dating is used mainly for dating things that lived within the last ________ years

A

50,000 years

55
Q

Another example of a radioactive isotope used in absolute rock dating is Potassium-40.

A

POTASSIUM DATING

56
Q

POTASSIUM DATING is used mainly to date rocks older than _____ years.

A

100,000 years

57
Q

oldest known crystal on Earth is the ____

A

zircon crystal

58
Q

The process that happened in the past is still happening in the present “The present is the key to the past

A

The law of Uniformitarianism

59
Q

USED TO DETERMINE THE FORMS OF LIFE WHICH EXISTED
during limited periods of geologic time.

A

Index fossils

60
Q

are used by geologists and paleontologists as significant aids to determine the correlation and age of rock sequences.

A

Index fossils

61
Q

preserved remains or traces of living things,

62
Q

the study of fossils

A

Paleontology

63
Q

the _____organisms are considered then as the major index fossils.

64
Q

a very good index fossil for Paleozoic rocks that lived in all parts of the ocean.

A

TRILOBITES

65
Q

a model of Earth’s history

A

GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

66
Q

Largest division

67
Q

Eon is composed of:

A

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic

68
Q

Our current Eon

A

Phanerozoic Eon

69
Q

“age of hidden life”

A

Protozoic Eon

70
Q

first formation of life on our plant was created in the ocean.

A

Archean Eon

71
Q

4.6 to 4 billion years ago. The solar system was forming solar nebula and other celestial bodies.

A

hadean eon

72
Q

Represent some significant spans of time.

73
Q

Era is composed of:

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Era.

74
Q

“age of mammals”

A

Cenozoic Era.

75
Q

“age of dinosaurs”, mass extinction

A

Mesozoic Era:

76
Q

“age of invertebrates”, multicellular life forms.

A

Paleozoic Era:

77
Q

Smaller unit of time representing shorter and biological events.

78
Q

Period is composed of:

A

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian for Paleozoic Era

Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Period are for Mesozoic Era

Paleogene, Neogene and Quarternary are for Cenozoic Era.

79
Q

the interval of time in the geologic time scale from Earth’s formation to the beginning of the Paleozoic era (4.6 to 542 mya)

A

Precambrian Time

80
Q

it is about 88 % of Earth’s history

A

Precambrian Time

81
Q

In Precambrian Time, Fossils are ____

82
Q

The most popular fossil in precambrian time

A

STROMATOLITES

83
Q

Era the followed by Precambrian. This era is from 542 mya to 251 mya.

A

Paleozoic Era

84
Q

The Last Period of Paleozoic Era had a _______

A

mass extinction

85
Q

Pangea or Pangaea was formed during this era.

A

Paleozoic Era

86
Q

Rocks holds abundant number of fossil records.

A

Paleozoic Era

87
Q

shelled animal and one of the most common fossil of this era.

A

Brachiopods

88
Q

(“age of reptiles”)
Era has rich fossil record.

A

Mesozoic Era

89
Q

Dinosaurs are the best known reptiles of this era

A

Mesozoic Era

90
Q

Flowering plants are also appeared on this era. (angiosperms)

A

Mesozoic Era

91
Q

“Age of the mammals”

A

Cenozoic Era

92
Q

mammals are dominant life form. It is diversified into a variety of species including terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial mammals.

A

Cenozoic Era

93
Q

First hominids (early human ancestors) appear. Modern Ice age begins.

A

Cenozoic Era

EARTH SCI Q2 (4 decks)

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