EARTH'S PROCESSES AND HISTORY: WITHIN THE EARTH Flashcards
Produce by partial melting of rocks in the crust and upper mantle
magma from solid rock
Temperature increases within Earth’s crust average 20degrees to 30 degrees C / KM (Changes temperature)
Geothermal Gradient -
lower crust and upper mantle
and any additional heat
Role of Heat
increase confining pressure - increases rock’s melting temperature
ROLE OF PRESSURE
volatile (primary water) cause rock to melt in lower temperatures
ROLE OF VOLATILES
Process responsible for changing a magma’s composition
magmatic differentiation
incomplete melting of magma
Partial Melting and magma formation
Magmas of different composition are mixed together
Magma Mixing
magma reacts with the “country rocks” which is adjacent to the magma chamber.
Assimilation
formed in mid-ocean ridges by decompression melting or at subduction zones migrate upward
BASALTIC MAGMA
partial melting of ultramafic rock (ex: peroditite, dunite, pyroxenite, Coarse grained rocks rich on magnesium and iron )
BASALTIC MAGMA
Interaction between mantle-derived basaltic magmas and more silica-rich rocks in the crust generate_______
magma of andesitic composition
believed to be generated in the wedge of mantle rock below the crust and above the subducted plate or within the subducted plate itself.
ANDESITIC MAGMA
end product of crystallization of andesitic magma viscous than other magmas
GRANITIC MAGMA
form a molten rock that cools and solidifies
Igneous rock
Parent material of igneous rocks
magma
Form from partial melting of rocks inside of the Earth
magma
magma that reaches the surface is ______
lava
formed from lava at the surface
Volcanic Rocks
formed from magma that crystallized at depth
Plutonic Rocks
temperature to melt rocks is between:
600 and 1,300 degrees Celsius (1,100 and 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit
the term which covers all kinds of volcanic activities and the heat of the planet is trapped inside it.
Volcanism
a process that gives rise to magma and causes its movements in the earth. It also covers espulsion of gases, lava, and solid materials from opening in the crust.
Volcanism
is a vent, hill, or mountain from which molten or hot rock and gaseous materials are ejected.
Volcano
As of February 2021,
Active Volcanoes - ___
24
number of volcanoes in PH
300
called as oozing type of volcano. The fluid of lava spreads out quickly to form a broad cone with gentle slopes.
Quiet
explode with unbelievable violence. The eruption is often preceded by loud rumblings and earthquakes.
Explosive
between quiet and explosive types. Sometime quiet, sometimes explosive, or combination of both
Intermediate
the largest amount of volcanic materials are extruded from cracks in the crust
Fissure
primary material extruded from a volcano
LAVA
molten rock inside a volcano
MAGMA
the term magma comes from the Greek word that means “__________”
kneaded mixture
magma are not liquid but combination of:
liquid gas and solid.
added as huge slabs of crust slide past each other at the subduction zones by friction.
heat
the transformation of one rock type into another.
Metamorphism
the natural phenomenon cannot be prevented, we can prepare for them
EARTHQUAKE
the location of earthquakes.
Fault in earth crust
is a sudden, rapid shaking of Earth caused by a release of energy stored in rocks
EARTHQUAKE
caused by plate tectonics
Tectonic Earthquakes
They account for most earthquakes worldwide and usually occur at the boundaries of tectonic plates.
Tectonic Earthquakes
caused by human activity,
Induced Earthquakes
associated with active volcanism. They are generally not as powerful as tectonic quakes and often occur relatively near the surface.
Volcanic Earthquakes
can be triggered by such phenomena as cave-ins, mostly in karst areas or close to mining facilities, as a result of subsidence.
Collapse Earthquakes
Fault has two parts: The ________, which is a block of rock above the fault line or above the crack in rocks.
HANGINGWALL
The _______ Which is block of rock below the fault line.
FOOTWALL,
3 types of stress
compression
tension
shear
happens when rock is squeezed until it folds or breaks in convergent boundary.
COMPRESSION
happens when the rock is pulled causing it to be stretched in divergent boundary.
TENSION
when the forces that push rocks and faults in opposite directions.
SHEAR
compression fault
reverse fault
shear fault
strikeslip fault
tension fault
normal fault
