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Psychology - IN FOCUS Schizophrenia > The interactionist approach to schizophrenia > Flashcards

The interactionist approach to schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

What does diathesis mean?

A

Vulnerability

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2
Q

In the context of a diathesis-stress model, what does diathesis mean?

A

A negative experience

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3
Q

What is the interactionist approach to schizophrenia also sometimes called?

A

The biosocial approach

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4
Q

The interactionist approach to schizophrenia is an approach that acknowledges what about the development of schizophrenia?

A

That there are many factors in its development

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5
Q

The interactionist approach to schizophrenia is acknowledges that there are many factors in the development of schizophrenia, including which factors?

A

Biological, psychological and social

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6
Q

Give 2 examples of biological factors acknowledged to be involved in the development of schizophrenia by the interactionist approach

A

Genetic vulnerability and neurochemical and neurological abnormality

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7
Q

Give an example of a psychological factor acknowledged to be involved in the development of schizophrenia by the interactionist approach

A

Stress, e.g. resulting from life events and daily hassles

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8
Q

Give an example of a social factor acknowledged to be involved in the development of schizophrenia by the interactionist approach

A

Poor quality interaction in family

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9
Q

The diathesis-stress model says what is necessary in order to develop schizophrenia?

A

Both vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress-trigger

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10
Q

The diathesis-stress model says that what make a person particularly vulnerable to developing schizophrenia?

A

One or more underlying factors

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11
Q

The diathesis-stress model says that the onset of schizophrenia is triggered by what?

A

Stress

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12
Q

Meehl’s model was the original…

A

diathesis-stress model

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13
Q

Who made the original diathesis-stress model?

A

Meehl

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14
Q

When did Meehl create the original diathesis-stress model?

A

1962

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15
Q

In the original diathesis-stress model, vulnerability was…

A

entirely genetic

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16
Q

In the original diathesis-stress model, what was vulnerability a result of?

A

A single ‘schizogene’

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17
Q

True/False: The original diathesis-stress model said that vulnerability was entirely genetic

A

True

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18
Q

The original diathesis-stress model said that vulnerability was entirely genetic - this led to the idea of…

A

a biologically based schizotypic personality

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19
Q

The fact that the original diathesis-stress model said that vulnerability was entirely genetic led to the idea of a biologically based schizotypic personality. What is one characteristic of this?

A

Sensitivity to stress

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20
Q

Meehl’s original diathesis-stress model is over…

A

simplistic

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21
Q

Why is Meehl’s original diathesis-stress model oversimplistic?

A

Multiple genes in multiple combinations influence diathesis and stress can also come in many forms

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22
Q

True/False: Multiple genes in multiple combinations influence diathesis

A

True

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23
Q

True/False: Stress only comes in one form in terms of the diathesis-stress model

A

False, it can come in many forms

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24
Q

True/False: Dysfunctional parenting can be an example of stress in the diathesis-stress model

A

True

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25
Q

In the diathesis-stress model, diathesis can be influenced by p____________ factors

A

psychological

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26
Q

True/False: In terms of the diathesis-stress model, stress can only be psychological

A

False, it can be biological as well as psychological

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27
Q

What did Housten et al. (2008) find about childhood sexual abuse?

A

This emerged as the major influence or underlying vulnerability to schizophrenia

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28
Q

What did Housten et al. (2008) find was the major trigger for schizophrenia in people who had been sexually abused as children?

A

Cannabis use

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29
Q

Housten et al.’s (2008) findings about people who had been sexually abused as children and used cannabis show that there are…

A

multiple factors affecting both diathesis and stress

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30
Q

True/False: Housten et al.’s (2008) findings support the suggestion that only biological factors influence diathesis

A

False, it supported the idea that both biological and psychological factors can affect both diathesis and stress

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31
Q

Housten et al.’s findings challenge/support the modern understanding of both diathesis and stress

A

suppport

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32
Q

True/False: Our understanding of diathesis has remained consistent

A

False, it has changed

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33
Q

It is now clear that many genes each appear to increase genetic vulnerability o…

A

only slightly

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34
Q

True/False: There is a single ‘schizogene’

A

False, there isn’t one

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35
Q

Who said there is no single ‘schizogene’?

A

Ripke et al. (2014)

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36
Q

Modern views of diathesis include a range of factors beyond genetic, including…

A

psychological trauma

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37
Q

In terms of the diathesis-stress model, trauma is a diathesis/stressor

A

Can be both

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38
Q

Read et al. (2001) proposed a __________________ model

A

neurodevelopmental

39
Q

Read et al. (2001)’s neurodevelopmental model states that early trauma has what impact on the developing brain?

A

Alters it

40
Q

Read et al. (2001)’s neurodevelopmental model says that early and severe enough trauma can…

A

seriously affect many aspects of brain development

41
Q

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system becoming overactive is an example of what in relation to the diathesis-stress model?

A

Early and severe trauma such as child abuse affecting brain development - making a person much more vulnerable to later stress

42
Q

The neurodevelopmental model proposed by Read et al. (2001) suggests that what can seriously affect many aspects of brain development and make a person much more vulnerable to later stress?

A

Early and severe enough trauma, such as child abuse

43
Q

True/False: Our understanding of stress has remained consistent

A

False, it has changed

44
Q

In the original diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia, stress was seen as _____________ in nature

A

psychological

45
Q

In the original diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia, stress was seen as psychological in nature - in particular related to what?

A

Parenting

46
Q

Although psychological stress may still be considered important, in terms of the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia a modern definition includes anything that…

A

risks triggering schizophrenia

47
Q

Who said that although psychological stress may still be important, a modern definition includes anything that risks trigering schizophrenia?

A

Houston et al. (2008)

48
Q

Much of the recent research into factors triggering an episode of schizophrenia has concerned ________ use

A

cannabis

49
Q

In terms of the diathesis-stress model, cannabis is what?

A

A stressor

50
Q

Why is cannabis a stressor in terms of the diathesis-stress model?

A

It increases the risk of schizophrenia by up to seven times according to dose

51
Q

Cannabis increases the risk of schizophrenia by up to how many times according to dose?

A

Seven

52
Q

Cannabis increases the risk of schizophrenia by up to seven times according to dose. This may be because…

A

cannabis interferes with teh dopamine system

53
Q

Most people do/don’t develop schizophrenia after smoking cannabis

A

don’t

54
Q

Why do most people not develop schizophrenia after smoking cannabis?

A

Presumably because they lack the requisite vulnerability factors

55
Q

True/False: There is evidence to support the role of both vulnerability and triggers

A

True

56
Q

What did Tienari et al. (2004) investigate?

A

The impact of both genetic vulnerability and a psychological trigger on schizophrenia

57
Q

Tienari et al. (2004) investigated the impact of which two things on schizophrenia?

A

Genetic vulnerability and a psychological trigger

58
Q

In Tienari et al.’s investigation into the impact of genetic vulnerability and a psychological trigger on schizophrenia, what would dysfunctional parenting be classed as?

A

A psychological trigger

59
Q

Tienari et al.’s (2004) investigation was a small/large-scale study

A

large

60
Q

How many Finnish children did Tienari et al. investigate?

A

19000

61
Q

Tienari et al. investigated 19000 children from which country?

A

Finland

62
Q

Tienari et al. investigated 19000 Finnish children whose biological mothers had been…

A

diagnosed with schizophrenia

63
Q

In adulthood, the 19000 Finnish children whose biological mothers had been diagnosed with schizophrenia as investigated by Tienari were compared to…

A

A control group of adoptees without a family history of schizophrenia (low genetic risk)

64
Q

In Tienari et al.’s investigation of 19000 Finnish children whose biological mothers had been diagnosed with schizophrenia, the control group were adoptees and the adopted parents had been…

A

assessed for child-rearing style

65
Q

What did Tienari et al. (2004) find in their investigation into the impact of genetic vulnerability and a psychological trigger on schizophrenia?

A

High levels of criticism, hostility and low levels of empathy were strongly associated with the development of schizophrenia, but only in the high genetic risk group

66
Q

Give 2 examples of characteristics that Tienari et al. (2004) found were strongly associated with the development of schizophrenia in their high genetic risk group

A

Any 2 from high levels of criticism, hostility and low levels of empathy

67
Q

True/False: Tienari et al. found that high levels of criticism, hostility and low levels of empathy were associated with the development of schizophrenia even in low genetic risk groups

A

False, only the high genetic risk group

68
Q

The fact that high levels of criticism, hostility and low levels of empathy were associated with the development of schizophrenia only in the high genetic risk group shows that…

A

a combination of genetic vulnerability and family stress can lead to greatly increased risk of schizophrenia

69
Q

The interactionist approach to schizophrenia acknowledges which factors?

A

Both biological and psychological factors in schizophrenia

70
Q

True/False: The interactionist approach to schizophrenia is compatible with both biological and psychological treatments

A

True

71
Q

The interactionist approach is associated with combining which two approaches to treating schizophrenia?

A

Antipsychotic medication and psychological therapies such as CBT

72
Q

What is the most common psychological therapy for schizophrenia?

A

CBT

73
Q

In Britain it is increasingly standard practice to treat people diagnosed with schizophrenia with…

A

a combination of antipsychotic drugs and CBT

74
Q

In the US there is more of a history of conflict between psychological and biological models of schizophrenia. This may have led to…

A

slower adoption of an interactionist approach

75
Q

True/False: Medication without an accompanying psychological treatment is more common in the UK than in the US

A

False, it is the other way around

76
Q

What did Turkington et al. (2006) point about about CBT?

A

It is perfectly possible to believe in biological causes of schizophrenia and still practise CBT to relieve psychological symptoms

77
Q

Turkington et al. (2006) pointed out that it is perfectly possible to believe in biological causes of schizophrenia and still practise CBT. WHy?

A

To relieve psychological symptoms

78
Q

Turkington et al. (2006) pointed out that it is perfectly possible to believe in biological causes of schizophrenia and still practise CBT - this requires adopting what kind of model?

A

An interactionist model

79
Q

It is not possible to adopt a purely biological approach and tell people diagnosed with schizophrenia that their condition is…

A

purely biological

80
Q

You can’t tell people that there is no psychological significance to symptoms of schizophrenia and then simultaneously treat them with…

A

CBT

81
Q

The interactionist approach to schizophrenia combines what kind of treatments?

A

Biological and psychological ones

82
Q

A practical application of acknowledging biological and psychological factors in treating schizophrenia has been…

A

the combination of drug treatment and psychological therapies

83
Q

Studies show that combining psychological and biological treatments for schizophrenia has what impact on their effectiveness?

A

Enhances it

84
Q

What did Tarrier et al. (2004) do?

A

Randomly allocated 315 participants to medication and CBT, and medication and counselling

85
Q

Participants in Tarrier et al.’s (2004) medication only control group showed…

A

higher symptoms following the trial than the two-combination groups

86
Q

Participants in Tarrier et al.’s (2004) medication only group showed higher symptoms following the trial than the two-combination groups. This shows that there is…

A

a clear advantage to adopting an interactionist approach to schizophrenia in terms of superior treatment outcomes

87
Q

Why did Jarvis and Okami (2019) criticise the use of biological and psychological treatments for schizophrenia together?

A

They said that saying a successful treatment for a mental disorder justifies a particular explanation is the logical equivalent of saying that because alcohol reduces shyness, shyness is caused by lack of alcohol

88
Q

Jarvis and Okami said saying a successful treatment for a mental disorder justifies a particular explanation is the logical equivalent of saying that because alcohol reduces shyness, shyness is caused by lack of alcohol. What is logical error called?

A

The treatment-causation fallacy

89
Q

Jarvis and Okami said saying a successful treatment for a mental disorder justifies a particular explanation is the logical equivalent of saying that because alcohol reduces shyness, shyness is caused by lack of alcohol. Therefore…

A

we cannot automatically assume that the success of combined therapies means interactionist explanations are correct

90
Q

True/False: Schizophrenia is more commonly diagnosed in rural areas than urban ones

A

False, it is more commonly diagnosed in urban areas

91
Q

How is the fact that schizophrenia is more commonly diagnosed in urban than rural areas sometimes used to justify the interactionist approach?

A

It assumes that urban living is more stressful than rural and therefore city living acts as a trigger

92
Q

Why may the fact that schizophrenia is more commonly diagnosed in urban areas than rural areas not be a valid justification of the interactionist position?

A

It may simply be that schizophrenia is more likely to be diagnosed in cities, or people with a diathesis for schizophrenia may tend to migrate to cities e.g. teenagers abused as children

93
Q

Schizophrenia is more commonly diagnosed in urban than rural areas. This may not be because urban living is more stressful than rural living. Give one alternative reason as to why this may be

A

Any from it may simply be that schizophrenia is more likely to be diagnosed in cities and people with a diathesis for schizophrenia may tend to migrate to cities, e.g. teenagers abused as children

Psychology - IN FOCUS Schizophrenia (7 decks)

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