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Psychology - IN FOCUS Schizophrenia > Psychological explanations for schizophrenia > Flashcards

Psychological explanations for schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychologists have attempted to link schizophrenia to childhood and adult experiences of…

A

living in a dysfunctional family

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2
Q

Who proposed the schizophrenogenic mother explanation for schizophrenia?

A

Freida Fromm-Reichmann

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3
Q

The schizophrenogenic mother explanation for schizophrenia is a _____________ explanation

A

psychodynamic

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4
Q

Freida Fromm-Reichmann’s proposal of the schizophrenogenic mother is based on what?

A

The accounts she heard from her patients about their childhoods

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5
Q

True/False: Freida Fromm-Reichmann was a psychiatrist

A

True

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6
Q

Freida Fromm-Reichmann noted that many of her patients spoke of a particular type of parent. What did she call them?

A

The ‘schizophrenogenic mother’

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7
Q

Schizophrenogenic

A

schizophrenia-causing

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8
Q

What did Freida Fromm-Reichmann say were the key traits of the schizophrenogenic mother?

A

Cold, rejecting, controlling, and tends to create a family climate characterised by tension and secrecy

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9
Q

Freida Fromm-Reichmann said that the schizophrenogenic mother creates a family climate characterised by tension and secrecy, which leads to what?

A

distrust

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10
Q

Freida Fromm-Reichmann said that the schizophrenogenic mother creates a family climate characterised by tension and secrecy, which leads to distrust and later develops into what?

A

paranoid delusions

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11
Q

Freida Fromm-Reichmann said that the schizophrenogenic mother creates a family climate characterised by tension and secrecy, which leads to distrust and later develops into paranoid delusions and ultimately what?

A

schizophrenia

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12
Q

Beliefs of being persecuted by another person is an example of what trait of schizophrenia?

A

paranoid delusions

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13
Q

Bateson et al. agreed/disagreed that family climate is important in the development of schizophrenia

A

agreed

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14
Q

Bateson et al.’s double-bind theory emphasised the role of what within a family?

A

communication style

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15
Q

What was Bateson et al.’s theory called in regards to developing schizophrenia?

A

Double-bind theory

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16
Q

Bateson et al.’s double-bind theory said that the developing child regularly finds themselves _______ in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing

A

trapped

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17
Q

Bateson et al.’s double-bind theory said that the developing child regularly finds themselves trapped in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing, and they receive…

A

mixed messages about what this is

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18
Q

Bateson et al.’s double-bind theory says that the child feels unable to do what?

A

Comment on the unfairness of the situation or seek clarification

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19
Q

If a child ‘gets it wrong’ and is punished by the withdrawal of love, this is an example of what theory?

A

Double-bind theory

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20
Q

Bateson et al.’s double-bind theory suggests that when children ‘get it wrong’ the child is punished by what?

A

The withdrawal of love

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21
Q

Bateson et al.’s double-bind theory suggests that punishment by the withdrawal of love happens rarely/often

A

often

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22
Q

Bateson et al.’s double-bind theory says that regularly being punished by the withdrawal of love leaves children with an understanding of the world as…

A

confusing and dangerous

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23
Q

An understanding of the world as confusing and dangerous as a result of frequent punishment by the withdrawal of love (Bateson et al.’s double-bind theory) is reflected in which symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Disorganised thinking and paranoid delusions

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24
Q

Bateson et al. was clear that what is not the main type of communication in the family?

A

Children regularly finding themselves trapped in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing and get punished by the withdrawal of love when they ‘get it wrong’

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25
Q

True/False: Bateson et al. said that his double-bind theory was the only factor in developing schizophrenia

A

False: just a risk factor

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26
Q

Expressed emotion

A

The level of emotion expressed towards a person with schizophrenia by their carers

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27
Q

Expressed emotion refers to the level of emotion expressed towards a person with schizophrenia by their carers, in a particular positive/negative emotion

A

negative

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28
Q

Expressed emotion refers to the level of emotion expressed towards a person with schizophrenia by their carers, often…

A

family members

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29
Q

Give 2 examples of elements of expressed emotion

A

Any 2 from verbal criticism of the person, hostility towards the person and emotional overinvolvement in the life of the person

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30
Q

Expressed emotion contains verbal criticism of the person, occasionally accompanied by…

A

violence

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31
Q

Expressed emotion contains hostility towards the person including _____ and _________

A

anger, rejection

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32
Q

Expressed emotion contains emotional overinvolvement in the life of the person, including…

A

needless self-sacrifice

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33
Q

High levels of expressed emotion towards someone with schizophrenia are a serious source of what for them?

A

Stress

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34
Q

High levels of expressed emotion towards someone with schizophrenia causing stress is primarily an explanation for what in people with schizophrenia?

A

relapse

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35
Q

It has been suggested that expressed emotion may be a source of stress that can trigger what in someone who is vulnerable?

A

The onset of schizophrenia

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36
Q

It has been suggested that expressed emotion may be a source of stress that can trigger the onset of schizophrenia in someone who is already vulnerable, e.g. due to their…

A

genetic makeup (diathesis-stress model)

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37
Q

True/False: One strength of explanations linking living in a dysfunctional family to schizophrenia is that there is evidence to support them

A

True

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38
Q

Indicators of family dysfunction include which type of attachment?

A

Insecure

39
Q

Insecure attachment is caused by exposure to what?

A

Childhood trauma, especially abuse

40
Q

Read et al. found that adults with schizophrenia are disproportionately likely to have which type of attachment?

A

insecure attachment

41
Q

Read et al. found that adults with schizophrenia are proportionately/disproportionately likely to have insecure attachment

A

disproportionately

42
Q

Read et al. found that adults with schizophrenia are disproportionately likely to have insecure attachment, particularly which types?

A

C or D

43
Q

Read et al. reported that __% of women and __% of men with schizophrenia have a history of physical/sexual abuse

A

69, 59

44
Q

What did Mørkved et al.’s study into the link between childhood trauma and schizophrenia find?

A

Most adults with schizophrenia reported at least one childhood trauma: mostly abuse

45
Q

Mørkved et al. found that most adults with schizophrenia reported at least one childhood trauma: mostly _____

A

abuse

46
Q

Read et al.’s review strongly suggests that family dysfunction…

A

makes people more vulnerable to schizophrenia

47
Q

True/False: There is lots of evidence supporting the idea that family-based stress is associated with adult schizophrenia

A

True

48
Q

True/False: There is lots of evidence supporting the importance of traditional family-based theories such as the schizophrenogenic mother and double-bind

A

False: there is almost no evidence to support these

49
Q

The schizophrenogenic mother and double-blind are examples of traditional family-based/childhood family-based theories

A

traditional family-based theories

50
Q

Both the schizophrenogenic mother and double-bind are based on what?

A

Clinical observation of people with schizophrenia and informal assessment of their mother’s personalities

51
Q

Both the schizophrenogenic mother and double-bind are based on what clinical observation of people with schizophrenia and informal assessment of their mother’s personalities, and not…

A

systematic evidence

52
Q

The poor evidence base for any traditional family-based explanations of schizophrenia mean that family explanations may not have been able to…

A

account for the link between childhood trauma and schizophrenia

53
Q

Although early explanations for the family-schizophrenia link have no support, research in this area may be useful in showing that…

A

insecure attachment and experience of childhood trauma affect individual vulnerability to schizophrenia

54
Q

Why is research linking family dysfunction to schizophrenia highly socially sensitive?

A

It can lead to parent-blaming

55
Q

Mothers/fathers seem to be particularly blamed for their child having schizophrenia

A

Mothers

56
Q

What is the problem with parent-blaming?

A

For parents already having to watch their child experience the symptoms of schizophrenia and take responsibility for their care, to be blamed adds insult to injury

57
Q

Cognitive explanation

A

An explanation that focuses on the role of mental processes

58
Q

Schizophrenia is associated with several types of _____________ thought processing

A

dysfunctional

59
Q

True/False: Types of dysfunctional thought processing can provide possible explanations for schizophrenia as a whole

A

True

60
Q

Schizophrenia is characterised by the disruption of what?

A

Normal thought processing

61
Q

Reduced thought processing in the ventral striatum is associated with positive/negative symptoms

A

negative

62
Q

Reduced processing of information in the temporal and cingulate gyri is associated with which positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A

hallucinations

63
Q

The lower-than-usual level of information processing in people with schizophrenia suggests that…

A

cognition is likely to be impaired

64
Q

Frith et al. identified ___ kinds of dysfunctional thought processes

A

two

65
Q

Frith et al. identified two kinds of what?

A

Dysfunctional thought processes

66
Q

Metarepresentation

A

The cognitive ability to reflect on our thoughts and behaviour

67
Q

Metarepresentation allows us insight into…

A

our own intentions and goals

68
Q

Metarepresentation allows us to interpret the…

A

actions of others

69
Q

Frith et al. suggested that dysfunction in metarepresentation would disrupt our ability to recognise…

A

our own actions and thoughts as being carried out by ourselves rather than someone else

70
Q

Frith et al.’ suggestion that dysfunction in metarepresentation would disrupt our ability to recognise our own actions and thoughts as being carried out by ourselves would explain some symptoms of schizophrenia such as…

A

Hallucinations of hearing voices and delusions like thought insetion

71
Q

Thought insertion

A

The experience of having thoughts projected into the mind by others

72
Q

Frith et al. also identified issues with the cognitive ability to suppress what in schizophrenic people?

A

Automatic responses while we perform deliberate actions

73
Q

Frith et al. suggested that speech poverty and thought disorder could result from…

A

the inability to suppress automatic thoughts and speech triggered by other thoughts

74
Q

True/False: People with schizophrenia tend to experience derailment of thoughts

A

True

75
Q

People with schizophrenia tend to experience derailment of thoughts because…

A

each word triggers associations

76
Q

People with schizophrenia tend to experience derailment of thoughts because each word triggers associations, and the person cannot…

A

suppress automatic responses to these

77
Q

What did Stirling et al. do?

A

Compared performance on a range of cognitive tasks in 30 people with schizophrenia

78
Q

Stirling et al. compared performance on a range of _________ tasks in 30 people with schizophrenia

A

cognitive

79
Q

Stirling et al. compared performance on a range of cognitive tasks in __ people with schizophrenia

A

30

80
Q

Who did Stirling et al. compare the performance of 30 people with schizophrenia with?

A

30 people without schizophrenia

81
Q

What was Stirling et al.’s Stroop task?

A

Participants had to name the font-colours of colour-words and suppress the tendency to read the words aloud

82
Q

As predicted by Frith et al.’s central control theory, how did people with schizophrenia perform in Stirling et al.’s Stroop task?

A

It took them over twice as long on average compared to the control group without schizophrenia

83
Q

It took people with schizophrenia over _____ as long on average to complete Stirling et al.’s Stroop task compared to the control group

A

twice

84
Q

The fact that people with schizophrenia took over twice as long on average to complete Stirling et al.’s Stroop task means that the cognitive processes of people with schizophrenia are ________

A

impaired

85
Q

What does it mean when we say a limitation of cognitive explanations of schizophrenia are proximal explanations?

A

They explain what is happening now to produce the symptoms, but not what initially caused the condition (distal explanations)

86
Q

Distal explanations focus on…

A

what initially caused the condition

87
Q

What are possible distal explanations for schizophrenia?

A

Genetic and family dysfunction explanations

88
Q

True/False: How genetic variation or childhood trauma may lead to problems with metarepresentation or central control is clear and well-addressed

A

False, it is unclear and not well-addressed

89
Q

Cognitive theories on their own provide partial/full explanations for schizophrenia

A

partial

90
Q

The cognitive approach provides an excellent/poor explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia

A

excellent

91
Q

As a result of the cognitive approach providing an excellent explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia, there is an argument for seeing schizophrenia primarily as a…

A

psychological condition

92
Q

What is the argument against schizophrenia being primarily a psychological condition?

A

It appears that the abnormal cognition associated with schizophrenia is partly genetic in origin - the result of abnormal brain development

93
Q

It appears that the abnormal cognition associated with schizophrenia is partly genetic in origin - this would suggest that schizophrenia is a psychological/biological condition

A

biological

94
Q

Who argued that abnormal cognition associated with schizophrenia is partly genetic in origin as its a result of abnormal brain development?

A

Toulopoulou et al.

Psychology - IN FOCUS Schizophrenia (7 decks)

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