The Integumentary System Flashcards
What does the integumentary system consist of?
hair
skin
nails
sweat glands
sebaceous glands (oil)
What is Skin made up of?
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelia
What membrane makes up skin?
Cutaneous membrane
What is only connective and is found in joints?
Synovial membrane
What is never found alone?
Epithelial tissue
How many distinct regions makes up skin?
2
What are the distinct regions that make up skin?
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (does not really count)
All of what are derived from Epithelial dermis?
Hair, skin, and nails
What are keratin filaments also known as?
Intermediate filaments, found in desmosomes
What are vesicles?
Just a water balloon, holds secretions (water)
When you hear papillary think….
peg
Epidermis is made up of…
Keratinocyte (most abundant cell type)
How many epidermal cells fall off in a day?
Millions slough off in a day
How are epidermal cells connected?
With desmosomes
Epidermis is:
-superficial region
- consists of epithelial tissue and is avascular
Dermis is…
-Underlies dermis
-mostly fibrous connective tissue, vascular
Hypodermis is…
-Superficial facia
-subcutaneous layer deep to skin
-not part of skin, shares functions
-mostly adipose, absorbs shock and insulates
-anchor skin to muscles
Tonofilaments are…
Weblike system of prekeratin
Melanocytes are…
Spider shaped, produce melanin, packed into melanosomes
What do melanocytes do?
Protect against from UV damage
What makes up melanin?
aminoacid Tyricinaise
Macrophage means…
eat things
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Star shaped, branches
What do Dendritic cells do?
Patrol deep epidermis, key activators of the immune system
Tactile (Merkel) cells are….
Sensory receptors that sense touch
How many layers make up the Epidermis?
4 or 5
What are the 4-5 layers of the epidermis?
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
What layer is the base layer?
Stratum Basale
What layer is the prickly layer with tonofilaments?
Stratum Spinosum
What layer only is thick skin?
Stratum Lucidum
What does the Stratum Corneum do?
protect, prevent water entering, abrasion, deeper cells
Thin skin has how much strata?
4
Thick skin has how much strata?
5, high abrasion areas, hands and feet
Apoptosis is…
Program cell death
When does the cells die?
At stratum granulosum
What is the dermis?
Strong connective tissue, cells include fibroblasts (matrix), macrophages
What does the dermis contain?
Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary and Reticular
What is papillary?
Only 20%, peglike
What is reticular?
80%, dense irregular tissue
What is a blister?
When you separate your epidermis from your dermis
Friction ridges are known as…
finger prints, has plenty of sweat glands
What are friction ridges for?
Grasping, gripping
What are lines of cleavage?
collagen fibers, like wood grain
Where are fixure lines visible?
On hands, feet and allows for your to not damage skin
What are the two types of melanin?
Carotene and hemoglobin
What is carotene?
yellow to orange coloration, converts to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health
What is hemoglobin?
pinkish hue of fair skin to lower levels in melanin, Caucasians is more transparent
What is a homeostatic imbalance?
Alterations in skin color can indicate disease
What is cyanosis?
Blue skin color due to low oxygen, low hemoglobin
What is Erythema?
Reddening of the skin due to fever, hypertension, inflammation or allergy
What is pallor?
Pale skin or blanching, anemia, low blood pressure, fever, and anger
What is jaundice?
Yellowing of the skin, liver disorder (block of bilirubin), treated with UV light
What is bronzing?
inadequate steroid hormones (Addison’s disease)
What makes up hair?
Dead keratinized cells
What functions do hair play apart in?
Protection from sunlight, and from heat loss
Guards against trauma
Warn of insects on skin
Another name for hair
pili
What part of hair do we see?
shaft
What is a hair matrix?
Actively dividing area of bulb that produces hair cells. Makes new cells, pushes older ones upward)
What is arrector pili?
A small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle, causes goose bumps
Hair papilla
Dermal tissue (supplies nutrients)
Vellus hair
like velvet, very fine
Termal Hair
Coarse hair, long
Nutrition and hormones affect growth, average 2.25 mm growth per week, and lose 90 scalp hairs daily (found almost everywhere)
Alopecia
Thinning after age 40
What is true baldness (Frank)?
Hair thinning due to sex, genetic, and can be caused due to: acutely high fever, surgery, emotional trauma, some medications, can be reversible, some like burns and radiation is not
Nails:
A protective covering for fingers and toes, grows 2-4mm each week. The nail bed is keratinized, with epidermis underneath, nail matrix (lunule) responsible for nail growth, appears white
What are some names of glands?
Sudoriferous glands
Apocrine glands
Merocrine glands
Sudoriferous glands:
About 3 million per person
Merocrine glands:
-Sweat glands
-most abundant
-fight or flight
-thermoregulation
-Contracts upon nervous system stimulation to force sweat into ducts
-Protect and kills things
Insensible perspiration:
Sweating, using up the body’s water for no reason, like sitting in a chair
Apocrine Glands:
-Confined to axillary and anogenital areas
-Secrete milky or yellowish sweat that contains fatty substances and protein
-Bacteria breakdown sweat, leading to body odor
-aids in finding a partner in scent (unique aroma) picked by your body
What are the modified apocrine glands?
Ceruminous (earwax) secretes cerumen
mammary glands secretes milk
Sebaceous (oil) glands:
-only where you have hair
-skin barrier
-Kills bacteria and conditions hair
-inactive during puberty
Lonlen-
sheep sebum
White heads:
Blocked sebaceous glands, when secretion oxidizes, it becomes a black head
Acne is
Infectious inflammation
What is cradle cap (seborrhea)?
Overactive sebaceous glands
What is Calcitriol?
What the skin makes, in return makes vitamin D, sends it to the liver, which is then sent to the skin. Made when in contact with UV light
What does Calcitriol do?
Allows you to absorb calcium from food
What happens when you have too much calcitriol?
Too much calcium causes osteoporosis
What are the three types of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Most common skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma, 99% fixed with surgical excision
Second most common Skin cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma, usually scaly (surgical or radiation)
At what size does a spot need to be looked at?
pencil eraser
What is fibrosis?
Scar
Regeneration
When the body makes up new skin
