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Anatomy and Physiology > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

hair
skin
nails
sweat glands
sebaceous glands (oil)

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2
Q

What is Skin made up of?

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelia

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3
Q

What membrane makes up skin?

A

Cutaneous membrane

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4
Q

What is only connective and is found in joints?

A

Synovial membrane

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5
Q

What is never found alone?

A

Epithelial tissue

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6
Q

How many distinct regions makes up skin?

A

2

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7
Q

What are the distinct regions that make up skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (does not really count)

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8
Q

All of what are derived from Epithelial dermis?

A

Hair, skin, and nails

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9
Q

What are keratin filaments also known as?

A

Intermediate filaments, found in desmosomes

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10
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Just a water balloon, holds secretions (water)

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11
Q

When you hear papillary think….

A

peg

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12
Q

Epidermis is made up of…

A

Keratinocyte (most abundant cell type)

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13
Q

How many epidermal cells fall off in a day?

A

Millions slough off in a day

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14
Q

How are epidermal cells connected?

A

With desmosomes

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15
Q

Epidermis is:

A

-superficial region
- consists of epithelial tissue and is avascular

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16
Q

Dermis is…

A

-Underlies dermis
-mostly fibrous connective tissue, vascular

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17
Q

Hypodermis is…

A

-Superficial facia
-subcutaneous layer deep to skin
-not part of skin, shares functions
-mostly adipose, absorbs shock and insulates
-anchor skin to muscles

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18
Q

Tonofilaments are…

A

Weblike system of prekeratin

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19
Q

Melanocytes are…

A

Spider shaped, produce melanin, packed into melanosomes

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20
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

Protect against from UV damage

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21
Q

What makes up melanin?

A

aminoacid Tyricinaise

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22
Q

Macrophage means…

A

eat things

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23
Q

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

A

Star shaped, branches

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24
Q

What do Dendritic cells do?

A

Patrol deep epidermis, key activators of the immune system

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25
Q

Tactile (Merkel) cells are….

A

Sensory receptors that sense touch

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26
Q

How many layers make up the Epidermis?

A

4 or 5

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27
Q

What are the 4-5 layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum

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28
Q

What layer is the base layer?

A

Stratum Basale

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29
Q

What layer is the prickly layer with tonofilaments?

A

Stratum Spinosum

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30
Q

What layer only is thick skin?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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31
Q

What does the Stratum Corneum do?

A

protect, prevent water entering, abrasion, deeper cells

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32
Q

Thin skin has how much strata?

A

4

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33
Q

Thick skin has how much strata?

A

5, high abrasion areas, hands and feet

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34
Q

Apoptosis is…

A

Program cell death

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35
Q

When does the cells die?

A

At stratum granulosum

36
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Strong connective tissue, cells include fibroblasts (matrix), macrophages

37
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels

38
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary and Reticular

39
Q

What is papillary?

A

Only 20%, peglike

40
Q

What is reticular?

A

80%, dense irregular tissue

41
Q

What is a blister?

A

When you separate your epidermis from your dermis

42
Q

Friction ridges are known as…

A

finger prints, has plenty of sweat glands

43
Q

What are friction ridges for?

A

Grasping, gripping

44
Q

What are lines of cleavage?

A

collagen fibers, like wood grain

45
Q

Where are fixure lines visible?

A

On hands, feet and allows for your to not damage skin

46
Q

What are the two types of melanin?

A

Carotene and hemoglobin

47
Q

What is carotene?

A

yellow to orange coloration, converts to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health

48
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

pinkish hue of fair skin to lower levels in melanin, Caucasians is more transparent

49
Q

What is a homeostatic imbalance?

A

Alterations in skin color can indicate disease

50
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Blue skin color due to low oxygen, low hemoglobin

51
Q

What is Erythema?

A

Reddening of the skin due to fever, hypertension, inflammation or allergy

52
Q

What is pallor?

A

Pale skin or blanching, anemia, low blood pressure, fever, and anger

53
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellowing of the skin, liver disorder (block of bilirubin), treated with UV light

54
Q

What is bronzing?

A

inadequate steroid hormones (Addison’s disease)

55
Q

What makes up hair?

A

Dead keratinized cells

56
Q

What functions do hair play apart in?

A

Protection from sunlight, and from heat loss
Guards against trauma
Warn of insects on skin

57
Q

Another name for hair

A

pili

58
Q

What part of hair do we see?

A

shaft

59
Q

What is a hair matrix?

A

Actively dividing area of bulb that produces hair cells. Makes new cells, pushes older ones upward)

60
Q

What is arrector pili?

A

A small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle, causes goose bumps

61
Q

Hair papilla

A

Dermal tissue (supplies nutrients)

62
Q

Vellus hair

A

like velvet, very fine

63
Q

Termal Hair

A

Coarse hair, long
Nutrition and hormones affect growth, average 2.25 mm growth per week, and lose 90 scalp hairs daily (found almost everywhere)

64
Q

Alopecia

A

Thinning after age 40

65
Q

What is true baldness (Frank)?

A

Hair thinning due to sex, genetic, and can be caused due to: acutely high fever, surgery, emotional trauma, some medications, can be reversible, some like burns and radiation is not

66
Q

Nails:

A

A protective covering for fingers and toes, grows 2-4mm each week. The nail bed is keratinized, with epidermis underneath, nail matrix (lunule) responsible for nail growth, appears white

67
Q

What are some names of glands?

A

Sudoriferous glands
Apocrine glands
Merocrine glands

68
Q

Sudoriferous glands:

A

About 3 million per person

69
Q

Merocrine glands:

A

-Sweat glands
-most abundant
-fight or flight
-thermoregulation
-Contracts upon nervous system stimulation to force sweat into ducts
-Protect and kills things

70
Q

Insensible perspiration:

A

Sweating, using up the body’s water for no reason, like sitting in a chair

71
Q

Apocrine Glands:

A

-Confined to axillary and anogenital areas
-Secrete milky or yellowish sweat that contains fatty substances and protein
-Bacteria breakdown sweat, leading to body odor
-aids in finding a partner in scent (unique aroma) picked by your body

72
Q

What are the modified apocrine glands?

A

Ceruminous (earwax) secretes cerumen
mammary glands secretes milk

73
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands:

A

-only where you have hair
-skin barrier
-Kills bacteria and conditions hair
-inactive during puberty

74
Q

Lonlen-

A

sheep sebum

75
Q

White heads:

A

Blocked sebaceous glands, when secretion oxidizes, it becomes a black head

76
Q

Acne is

A

Infectious inflammation

77
Q

What is cradle cap (seborrhea)?

A

Overactive sebaceous glands

78
Q

What is Calcitriol?

A

What the skin makes, in return makes vitamin D, sends it to the liver, which is then sent to the skin. Made when in contact with UV light

79
Q

What does Calcitriol do?

A

Allows you to absorb calcium from food

80
Q

What happens when you have too much calcitriol?

A

Too much calcium causes osteoporosis

81
Q

What are the three types of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma

82
Q

Most common skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma, 99% fixed with surgical excision

83
Q

Second most common Skin cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma, usually scaly (surgical or radiation)

84
Q

At what size does a spot need to be looked at?

A

pencil eraser

85
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

Scar

86
Q

Regeneration

A

When the body makes up new skin

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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