Chapter 1-2+ some of 3: Exam 1

Question 1

All forms of matter are composed of…

Answer 1

Chemical elements-substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

Question 2

What are the abbreviations elements are given called?

Answer 2

Symbols

Question 5

What makes up 96% of body weight?

Answer 5

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) CHON

Question 6

What are units of matter of all chemical elements called?

Answer 6

Atoms

Question 7

What does an Atom consist of?

Answer 7

A nucleus, which contains positively charged protons and neutral (uncharged) neutrons, and negatively charged electrons

Question 8

Where do electrons spend most of their time?

Answer 8

Shell

Question 9

How many electrons can each shell hold?

Answer 9

The first nearest to the nucleus, 2, the second shell, 8, the third shell 18, and the fourth shell 18, and so on

Question 10

What is the neutral element rule?

Answer 10

The number of electrons in an atom of a neutral element always equals the number of protons

Question 11

What is the mass number of an atom?

Answer 11

The total number of protons and neutrons

Question 12

What are Isotopes?

Answer 12

Same number of protons but different numbers of electrons

Question 13

What are unstable isotopes called?

Answer 13

Radioactive isotopes

Question 14

What is a radioactive isotope?

Answer 14

Nuclei decay to form a simpler and thus more stable configuration. Can be used to study both the structure and function of particular tissues

Question 15

What is atomic mass?

Answer 15

Average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes and reflects the relative abundance of isotopes with different mass numbers

Question 16

What is included in atomic mass?

Answer 16

Ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds

Question 17

What happens when an atom gives up or gains electrons?

Answer 17

It becomes an ion

Question 18

What is a cation?

Answer 18

Positive charge

Question 19

What is an anion?

Answer 19

Negative charge

Question 20

What is a molecule?

Answer 20

When two or more atoms share electrons

Question 21

What is a free radical?

Answer 21

Electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell

Question 22

What is a compound?

Answer 22

A substance/molecule made of two or more different elements

Question 23

Octet Rule:

Answer 23

8 valence electrons for each atom to fulfill the valence shell

Question 24

The atoms of a molecule are held together by forces of attraction called…

Answer 24

Chemical bonds

Question 25

Ionic bonds...

Answer 25

When the force of attraction holds ions having opposite charges together-opposites attract

Question 26

Carbon Compounds:

Answer 26

1. Reacts to one or several hundred other carbon atoms to form large molecules of many shapes 2. Do not dissolve easily in water 3. Used for building body structures 4. Held together by covalent bonds 5. Decompose easily, good source of energy

Question 27

When two monomers join together...

Answer 27

Dehydration synthesis

Question 28

Macromolecules break down into monomers...

Answer 28

Hydrolysis

Question 29

What are isomers?

Answer 29

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

Question 30

What provides the most of energy needed for life?

Answer 30

Carbohydrates, which includes, sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose

Question 31

What are the three major groups of carbohydrates?

Answer 31

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Question 32

The simple sugars

Answer 32

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 33

Monosaccharides:

Answer 33

Contain three to seven carbon atoms and include glucose, a hexose that is the main energy supplying compound of the body

Question 34

Disaccharides:

Answer 34

Formed from two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis, can be split back into simple sugars by hydrolysis

Question 35

What produces Sucrose?

Answer 35

Glucose and fructose

Question 36

What are the largest carbohydrates?

Answer 36

Polysaccharides, and they may contain hundreds of monosaccharides

Question 37

The principle of polysaccharide in the human body is...

Answer 37

Glycogen, stored in the liver and skeletal muscles

Question 38

Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen...

Answer 38

Lipids

Question 39

Lipids have:

Answer 39

Fewer polar covalent bonds and thus are mostly insoluble in polar solvent such as water ( they are hydrophobic)

Question 40

Acidic+basic=

Answer 40

Zwitterion

Question 41

What forms triglycerides?

Answer 41

Fatty acids, and provide cellular energy

Question 42

Fatty acids can be _, with only single covalent bonds, and unsaturated, with _ or more double covalent bonds

Answer 42

Saturated, one

Question 43

Glycose is to..

Answer 43

Humans

Question 44

Starches is to...

Answer 44

Plants

Question 45

Provides protection, insulation, and energy

Answer 45

Triglycerides

Question 46

At what temperature can a triglyceride become a solid or oil?

Answer 46

Room temperature

Question 47

Triglycerides provide more than _ as much energy

Answer 47

Twice as much energy as a carbohydrate or protein

Question 48

True or False: Triglycerides storage is virtually unlimited

Answer 48

True

Question 49

What makes up a triglyceride?

Answer 49

Glycerol and Fatty Acids