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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1-2+ some of 3: Exam 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-2+ some of 3: Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

All forms of matter are composed of…

A

Chemical elements-substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

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2
Q

What are the abbreviations elements are given called?

A

Symbols

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3
Q
A
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4
Q
A
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5
Q

What makes up 96% of body weight?

A

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) CHON

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6
Q

What are units of matter of all chemical elements called?

A

Atoms

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7
Q

What does an Atom consist of?

A

A nucleus, which contains positively charged protons and neutral (uncharged) neutrons, and negatively charged electrons

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8
Q

Where do electrons spend most of their time?

A

Shell

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9
Q

How many electrons can each shell hold?

A

The first nearest to the nucleus, 2, the second shell, 8, the third shell 18, and the fourth shell 18, and so on

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10
Q

What is the neutral element rule?

A

The number of electrons in an atom of a neutral element always equals the number of protons

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11
Q

What is the mass number of an atom?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons

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12
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

Same number of protons but different numbers of electrons

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13
Q

What are unstable isotopes called?

A

Radioactive isotopes

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14
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

Nuclei decay to form a simpler and thus more stable configuration. Can be used to study both the structure and function of particular tissues

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15
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

Average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes and reflects the relative abundance of isotopes with different mass numbers

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16
Q

What is included in atomic mass?

A

Ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds

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17
Q

What happens when an atom gives up or gains electrons?

A

It becomes an ion

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18
Q

What is a cation?

A

Positive charge

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19
Q

What is an anion?

A

Negative charge

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20
Q

What is a molecule?

A

When two or more atoms share electrons

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21
Q

What is a free radical?

A

Electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell

22
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance/molecule made of two or more different elements

23
Q

Octet Rule:

A

8 valence electrons for each atom to fulfill the valence shell

24
Q

The atoms of a molecule are held together by forces of attraction called…

A

Chemical bonds

25
Q

Ionic bonds…

A

When the force of attraction holds ions having opposite charges together-opposites attract

26
Q

Carbon Compounds:

A
  1. Reacts to one or several hundred other carbon atoms to form large molecules of many shapes
  2. Do not dissolve easily in water
  3. Used for building body structures
  4. Held together by covalent bonds
  5. Decompose easily, good source of energy
27
Q

When two monomers join together…

A

Dehydration synthesis

28
Q

Macromolecules break down into monomers…

A

Hydrolysis

29
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

30
Q

What provides the most of energy needed for life?

A

Carbohydrates, which includes, sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose

31
Q

What are the three major groups of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

32
Q

The simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

33
Q

Monosaccharides:

A

Contain three to seven carbon atoms and include glucose, a hexose that is the main energy supplying compound of the body

34
Q

Disaccharides:

A

Formed from two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis, can be split back into simple sugars by hydrolysis

35
Q

What produces Sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

36
Q

What are the largest carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides, and they may contain hundreds of monosaccharides

37
Q

The principle of polysaccharide in the human body is…

A

Glycogen, stored in the liver and skeletal muscles

38
Q

Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen…

A

Lipids

39
Q

Lipids have:

A

Fewer polar covalent bonds and thus are mostly insoluble in polar solvent such as water ( they are hydrophobic)

40
Q

Acidic+basic=

A

Zwitterion

41
Q

What forms triglycerides?

A

Fatty acids, and provide cellular energy

42
Q

Fatty acids can be _, with only single covalent bonds, and unsaturated, with _ or more double covalent bonds

A

Saturated, one

43
Q

Glycose is to..

A

Humans

44
Q

Starches is to…

A

Plants

45
Q

Provides protection, insulation, and energy

A

Triglycerides

46
Q

At what temperature can a triglyceride become a solid or oil?

A

Room temperature

47
Q

Triglycerides provide more than _ as much energy

A

Twice as much energy as a carbohydrate or protein

48
Q

True or False: Triglycerides storage is virtually unlimited

A

True

49
Q

What makes up a triglyceride?

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

50
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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