The information processing model of learning Flashcards
what is The information processing model of learning
The information processing model is based on the central nervous system that controls the body. This model describes separate cognitive stages involving perception, decision-making and response execution to enable a performer’s decision-making to occur prior to any action.
Name all the stages in the information processing model of learning
STAGE 1: IDENTIFICATION OF STIMULI/INPUT
STAGE 2: RESPONSE IDENTIFICATION/DECISION MAKING
STAGE 3 – RESPONSE/OUTPUT
STAGE 4: FEEDBACK
What is stage 1: IDENTIFICATION OF STIMULI/INPUT
This stage involves the sensory mechanism detecting signals / cues in the environment (also known as the “display”).
-Sight
-Sound
-Touch
-Proprioception
-Equilibrium
stage 1: IDENTIFICATION OF STIMULI/INPUT
Info is gathered from both what sources
- Internal
- External
Much of the information received is *what to the performer and *what?
- irrelevant
- discarded
which type of performers are better at filtering irrelevant info?
High level performers
what is stage 2: RESPONSE IDENTIFICATION/DECISION MAKING
The brain processes all the data received from the sensory system.
This stage involves 3 sequential processes;
1. Perceptual mechanism / stimulus detection
2. Decision making mechanism
3. Effector Mechanism /response selection
stage 2: RESPONSE IDENTIFICATION/DECISION MAKING
what is Perceptual mechanism / stimulus detection
The perceptual mechanism analyses and interprets the data received from the sensory mechanism. This process is also known as stimulus detection and is influenced by the following;
- Ability of the sense organs
- Strength of the cue
- Noise
- Length of the cue
- Level of Arousal
- Experience
stage 2: RESPONSE IDENTIFICATION/DECISION MAKING
what is Decision making mechanism
After all relevant data has been interpreted and analysed, the performer then makes a decision as to what response to make.
stage 2: RESPONSE IDENTIFICATION/DECISION MAKING
The response selected is influenced by *what
past experiences, knowledge and skill level of the performer.
stage 2: RESPONSE IDENTIFICATION/DECISION MAKING
A skilful player has more *what to choose from
& and the decision making process takes longer as *what increases
1.responses
2. number of responses increases
What is Hick’s Law
Hicks Law states the greater number of possibilities available to a performer, the longer it takes for them to react.
1 choice = fast reaction time
2 choices = slower reaction time
3 choices = slightly slower reaction time than 2 choices
4 choices = slightly slower reaction time than 3 choices
stage 2: RESPONSE IDENTIFICATION/DECISION MAKING
Effector Mechanism /response selection
The effector mechanism and central nervous system prepare to produce the response selected as a result of the decision making process. The requisite motor program is retrieved from long term memory.
What is the stage 3: RESPONSE/OUTPUT
This stage involves the neuromuscular system producing the movements required to produce the selected response.
The complexity of the task determines the amount of time required for response programming
This stage is the production of the action selected by the decision making process and is the “movement time” component of the total response time.
What is response time
the time taken from the presentation of a stimulus to the completion of the movement
what is reaction time
the time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of the response. It is the time the information processing system takes to interpret the situation, formulate a motor program and transmit the information to the Muscular System.
what is movement time
the time taken from the initiation of the movement to the completion of the movement. It is the time the performer takes to physically complete the movement when the muscular system has received the message from the brain via the effector system.
what is stage 4: FEEDBACK
The athlete receives feedback about the performance of the selected response.
The feedback can be internal, external intrinsic or external augmented.
what is stage 4: FEEDBACK
compare current feedback and after feedback
Feedback provided during the performance (concurrent) can be used to help achieve the goal of the task immediately
Feedback provided after the performance (terminal) is typically extrinsic augmented and provides information about either the quality of the performance (qualitative) or result (quantitative) of the movement
Discuss the 4 stages of the information processing model as it relates to golf.
Stage 1 - The Sensory Mechanism
Gathers information from the environment
and sends it to the brain.
Stage 2 - Perceptual Mechanism
Examines the environment;
Wind speed and direction
Slopes
Position of bunkers
Other contributing factors
The perceptual mechanism will also later interpret;
Knowledge of results
Knowledge of performance
Stage 2 - The Decision Making Mechanism
The decision mechanism determines;
Which club to use
What type of shot to play
Where to hit the ball
Stage 2. The Effector Mechanism
The performer will have many motor programs available to allow the successful execution of the selected response.
Stage 3 – Output
The selected response is produced by the muscles.
The stroke is made.
Stage 4 – Feedback
The player receives feedback about the performance.
This would include knowledge of results (where the ball finished up) and knowledge of performance (how the skill felt as it was executed)
Stage 4: FEEDBACK
what are the purposes?
- motivation
- provide feedback to motivate the performer for improvement
- needs to be resilient
- more interesting, apply greater effort in learning skill
Stage 4: FEEDBACK
what happens w/reinforcing learning & provide info
- increase the chance of the good behaviour being repeated
- maintain motivation level
What are the 2 types of feedback
- Intrinsic
- Extrinsic
Explain what Intrinsic means
- received from sensory receptors, inside muscles, joints, & tendons brings info to performer
explain what extrinsic means
retrieved from outside the body
- seen, felt, or head-coach instructions
- additional info to the performer
Timing of Feedback:
Extrinsic?
during the performance
Timing of Feedback:
Concurrent Extrinsic
- provide during performance
- immediately change performance if need be
what is terminal extrinsic feedback
- by an external source after movement completed
- only used to change future performance
terminal extrinsic feedback for a player in the cognitive phase
- the sooner the better to reflect
- harder to reflect after a long time
define terminal extrinsic feedback for a player in the autonomous phase
allow the performer to think & evaluate performance before feedback
define frequency (of extrinsic feedback)
- no set rule
- should be decreased after going thru the stages
define non-verbal extrinsic feedback
- comms without using words i.e body language, posture, facial expression
- used in conjunction w/ verbal feedback
what are non-verbal extrinsic feedback technological advancements
- video feedback
- compare past feedback or expert psychological feedback
( use of HR Rate monitors & GPS tracker)
define verbal extrinsic feedback
- are specific not general
- constructive, not destructive
- directed at behaviour (can be changeable)
- be clear & concise
