The influence of early childhood upon later adult relationships

Question 1

what were the 3 classifications and who studied this

Answer 1

ainsworth
avoidant (a)
secure (b)
reisistant (c)

Question 2

what percentage of children in the study were securely attached

Answer 2

70%

Question 3

what percentage of children in the study were avoidant attached

Answer 3

20%

Question 4

what percentage of children in the study were resistant attached

Answer 4

10%

Question 5

secure infant description

Answer 5

product of a responsive and sensitive mother
develop into someone with a positive view of themselves
most assured with primary caregiver
happy when mother is present
distressed when mother leaves
stranger provides some but little comfort

Question 6

avoidant infant description

Answer 6

unresponsive mother that rejects babies requests and don’t cuddle
view themselves as worthless
avoid contact with mother and don’t care if she is there or not
a stranger will offer as much comfort to the child as their mother would
doesn’t show signs pf distress when mother leaves

Question 7

resistant infant description

Answer 7

inconsistent mother
negative view of themselves which leads to aggressive and exaggerated responses
insecure and clingy attachment
explore the least
unsure of mother- anxious about her presence but rapidly distressed when she leaves
show hostility towards strangers

Question 8

how do secure children mothers respond

Answer 8

respond appropriately
pick up on child signals

Question 9

how do insecure children mothers respond and what does this lead it

Answer 9

less responsive
develop coping strategies that enable them to deal with the lack of response

Question 10

how do secure children develop

Answer 10

healthy emotional, social and cognitive development

Question 11

how do insecure children develop

Answer 11

less optimal emotional, social and cognitive and intellectual development

Question 12

secure- relationships

Answer 12

more confident and successful with peers
fewer conflicts in their friendships
They are comfortable with intimacy and autonomy, and they can communicate effectively with their partners. They trust their partners and feel secure in seeking support when needed.

Question 13

avoidant- relationships

Answer 13

poor adult relationships
Adults with an avoidant attachment style may struggle with intimacy and closeness in their relationships. They often prioritise independence and may feel uncomfortable with emotional intimacy. They may have difficulty expressing their needs or relying on their partners for support. In extreme cases, they may avoid long-term commitments or frequently distance themselves emotionally from their partners.

Question 14

resistant- relationships

Answer 14

overly dependent on their partners while simultaneously fearing abandonment. They may crave closeness and reassurance from their partners but also worry about rejection. This can lead to difficulties in relationships, such as being overly demanding or clingy, and experiencing heightened levels of jealousy or insecurity

Question 15

research- doesn’t fully support

Answer 15

main and weston (1981)
found children behave differently depending on what parent they’re with- they concluded attachment style isn’t always constistant
said ainsworth conclusions from the ssc were flawed

Question 16

research- supports

Answer 16

main 1985
tested babies at 18 months then again at 6 years old
100% of secure babies were still classified as secure
high test-retest reliability and checks for consistency over time

Question 17

evalualtion- strengths (3)

Answer 17

main 1985
tested babies at 18 months then again at 6 years old
100% of secure babies were still classified as secure
high test-retest reliability and checks for consistency over time
simple and easy to understand
inter rater reliability (the extent to which different observers score the behaviour in a similar way) consistency was 0.94

Question 18

evaluation- weaknesses (3)
(stat included to back up point- think countries)

Answer 18

main and weston (1981)
found children behave differently depending on what parent they’re with- they concluded attachment style isn’t always constistant
said ainsworth conclusions from the ssc were flawed
was conducted in the USA using american children meaning the test is culturally biased and cant be generalised globally due to cultural differences (china- 50% secure, 25% avoidant, resistant- 25%)
could come down to dispositions too (personality/characteristics of child)

Question 19

who suggested the internal working model

Answer 19

bowlby

Question 20

explain the iwm

Answer 20

states that early relationships act as a prototype for all future relationships- both social and emotional and based on the interactions we have (which have been kept as a permanent record), sensitivity of our caregivers and earliest experiences of caring, nurturing and emotional responses.
over time this becomes the tool we use to generate expectations about other relationships.
over time we use this to develop future relationships and our parenting skills in later life.

Question 21

sensitive period relation to the iwm

Answer 21

once we are outside our sensitive period and more fully developed as a child bowlby believed that the iwm was fixed and very difficult to alter. some go as far as suggesting it cannot be reversed

Question 22

strudy- strength

Answer 22

bailey et al
been found we are likely to raise our child like how we have been raised as our iwm was built due to our parents parenting style as a template- this is why attachment styles seem to be passed through generations of families

Question 23

evaluation- strengths (2)

Answer 23

gives an evolutionary argument- attachment is innate in all human societies and that cant be proven wrong
bailey et al
been found we are likely to raise our child like how we have been raised as our iwm was built due to our parents parenting style as a template- this is why attachment styles seem to be passed through generations of families

Question 24

continuity hypothesis

Answer 24

the way a childs early relationships functioned will lead to the child having similar expectations about other relationships and serve as a template for their future relationships

Question 25

study- limits findings of the iwm

Answer 25

rutter and quinton (1988)
a poor early start can be overcome by positive experiences at school and good adult relationships

Question 26

evaluation- limitations (2)

Answer 26

rutter and quinton (1988)
a poor early start can be overcome by positive experiences at school and good adult relationships
suggests that all insecurely attached children are bound to have bad adult relationships yet there are many cases of them having good relationships

Question 27

what did hazan and shaver create

Answer 27

the love quiz