The Industrial Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What was life like before the Industrial Revolution?

A

Most people lived on small family farms, grew enough food to eat, most work was done by hand

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2
Q

How does industrialization change daily life?

A

Most of the work begins to be done by machine power

Work begins to be done outside the home in factories

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3
Q

What is the Enclosure Movement?

A

Period of time when large farmers bought smaller farms, fenced them off, and kicked off the previous owners

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4
Q

What are two ways that the Agricultural Revolution helped to produce the Industrial Revolution?

A

Increased food production

Increased urban population

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5
Q

Where did Industrialization first start?

A

England

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6
Q

What are eight reasons that helped England industrialize?

A
Plenty of fuel for machines
Natural Resources
Rivers for transport
Large harbors	
Stable Economy
Stable Government
Trade routes already established
Large urban workforce without options or skills
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7
Q

Which industry was the first to industrialize?

A

Textiles

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8
Q

What are 3 improvements in Transportation, how does each one contribute to helping society?

A

Railroads - Allowed goods to be shipped faster and cheaper, created jobs, moved people to the cities
Steamboats - Goods could be shipped upstream, goods could be shipped faster and cheaper
Better drained roads - Allowed goods to be transported quickly

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9
Q

What are four effects that railroads had?

A

Could move goods quickly and cheaply
Created jobs
Helped fishing and agriculture
Moved people to cities even faster

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10
Q

How do telegraphs and telephones change life during industrialization?

A

They sped up communications to minutes/secs vs. months

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11
Q

What was the major advantage of interchangeable parts?

A

It allowed for the development of the assembly line in factories.

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12
Q

What kind of workers were not allowed out of England?

A

Mechanics
Engineers
Toolmakers

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13
Q

Why wouldn’t they let these people out?

A

The English wanted to keep the secret of industrialization to themselves

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14
Q

What are two ways that the ideas still found their way out of England?

A

They were smuggled out or memorized

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15
Q

Where did industrialization appear first in the United States?

A

Lowell, Massachusetts

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16
Q

What kind of industry was the first to appear in the United States?

A

Textiles

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17
Q

What kind of people staffed the Lowell, Massachusetts factories?

A

Young women

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18
Q

In what way was the factory work a positive for the workers in Lowell’s factories?

A

Gave women a small amount of freedom and equality

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19
Q

What places in the world are in the process of becoming industrialized?

A

China, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, etc.

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20
Q

Where has industrialization not started yet on a large scale?

A

Africa

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21
Q

What are 6 problems that the low wage workers faced in their HOUSING during the Industrial Revolution?

A

No building codes
No national free education
No police protection
Streets had no drains and were piled high with waste
Frequent disease outbreaks
No running water
Literally anything else that we’ve talked about

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22
Q

How did the government help to cause the poor state of the working class?

A

They did not pass any laws that would hurt businesses, so companies took advantage of their workers

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23
Q

What problems did the low wage workers face while at work?

A

Low pay and 16 hours days
Jobs were very unsafe
No safety regulations
Child labor, no unions, no workers compensation or overtime

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24
Q

How did industrialization contribute to global inequality?

A

Countries that industrialized first were able to make a lot more money and weapons, which allowed them to take over non industrialized countries, and take their stuff.

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25
Q

What are 7 short term changes that happened during the industrial revolution?

A
Lack of government rules
Poor working and living conditions
Factory owners grew richer
Poor became even more poor
No education for lower classes
Disease
Child Labor
26
Q

What are five long term effects of Industrialization?

A
More individual wealth
Better health and life expectancy
Growth of a middle class
Better education
Building codes and business regulations enacted and enforced
27
Q

Why was the Wealth of Nations an important book?

A

It Explained capitalism

28
Q

What does laissez-faire mean?

A

Hands off

29
Q

Whose hands does this mean, and what are they keeping off of?

A

Government’s hands off of the businesses

30
Q

Who owns the businesses, resources, and make decisions in capitalism?

A

Individuals

31
Q

What are Freedom of Choice, and Freedom of Enterprise?

A

Choice – We are able to spend our money how we choose

Enterprise – We are able to start any business that we want

32
Q

At what scale is capitalism efficient?

A

Local factory or farm level

33
Q

How does the “invisible hand” work?

A

The collective decisions of all consumers informs owners of what to make without the need for government involvement

34
Q

Explain how capitalism rewards hard work and new ideas?

A

The harder you work, or the better your invention, the more money you will make

35
Q

Describe David Ricardo’s theory. Why didn’t it come true?

A

As population grew, wages would decrease. Our wages have risen due to unions and new government regulations

36
Q

What is social Darwinism?

A

Survival of the fittest applied to humans

37
Q

What are the problems with Social Darwinism?

A

It justifies extreme poverty and racism

38
Q

What was necessary according to Thomas Malthus?

A

War
Disease
Famine

39
Q

What would happen without these events?

A

Everyone would be miserable and poor

40
Q

What did the Utopian movement attempt to do?

A

Create the perfect tows where all were equals

41
Q

Why did the Utopian towns fail?

A

They had no reason to work hard, private property or leadership which led to constant bickering

42
Q

What is the main idea of Socialism?

A

Government would take an active role in improving lives of citizens by controlling industries considered too important to the health of the nation

43
Q

Give three examples of the “major businesses.”

A

Energy
Transportation
Banking

44
Q

If a business isn’t considered important to national health, who owns and operates the business?

A

Individuals

45
Q

What book laid out the idea of Communism?

A

Communist Manifesto

46
Q

According to Communism, how many classes did capitalism have, and what were they?

A

2, Haves and Have-nots (owners vs. workers, rich vs. poor )

47
Q

Why and how would the lower classes take control, according to the Communist Manifesto?

A

They would rise up violently and kill the rich class when the conditions and wealth inequality were bad enough

48
Q

In Communism, who owns the businesses?

A

government

49
Q

What is the goal of Communism?

A

equality

50
Q

When is communism efficient?

A

At the national scale

51
Q

What are two problems with Communist theories?

A

provides no rewards for working hard

not efficient at the local scale

52
Q

What is a union?

A

Group of workers who fight for better conditions at work

53
Q

What do unions fight for?

A

better pay
conditions
hours

54
Q

What is a strike?

A

Refusal to work until an agreement is reached between the union and the employer

55
Q

What are four reforms that labor unions have won?

A

ending child labor
better pay
safer conditions
shorter work day

56
Q

Adam Smith

A

capitalism

57
Q

David Ricardo

A

Increased population = decreased wages

58
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

Social Darwinism

59
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Fast growing population will out grow the ability to feed themselves, and will result in war

60
Q

Robert Owen

A

Utopian Movement

61
Q

Karl Marx

A

Communism