The Industrial Revolution Flashcards
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What was life like before the Industrial Revolution?
Most people lived on small family farms, grew enough food to eat, most work was done by hand
How does industrialization change daily life?
Most of the work begins to be done by machine power
Work begins to be done outside the home in factories
What is the Enclosure Movement?
Period of time when large farmers bought smaller farms, fenced them off, and kicked off the previous owners
What are two ways that the Agricultural Revolution helped to produce the Industrial Revolution?
Increased food production
Increased urban population
Where did Industrialization first start?
England
What are eight reasons that helped England industrialize?
Plenty of fuel for machines Natural Resources Rivers for transport Large harbors Stable Economy Stable Government Trade routes already established Large urban workforce without options or skills
Which industry was the first to industrialize?
Textiles
What are 3 improvements in Transportation, how does each one contribute to helping society?
Railroads - Allowed goods to be shipped faster and cheaper, created jobs, moved people to the cities
Steamboats - Goods could be shipped upstream, goods could be shipped faster and cheaper
Better drained roads - Allowed goods to be transported quickly
What are four effects that railroads had?
Could move goods quickly and cheaply
Created jobs
Helped fishing and agriculture
Moved people to cities even faster
How do telegraphs and telephones change life during industrialization?
They sped up communications to minutes/secs vs. months
What was the major advantage of interchangeable parts?
It allowed for the development of the assembly line in factories.
What kind of workers were not allowed out of England?
Mechanics
Engineers
Toolmakers
Why wouldn’t they let these people out?
The English wanted to keep the secret of industrialization to themselves
What are two ways that the ideas still found their way out of England?
They were smuggled out or memorized
Where did industrialization appear first in the United States?
Lowell, Massachusetts
What kind of industry was the first to appear in the United States?
Textiles
What kind of people staffed the Lowell, Massachusetts factories?
Young women
In what way was the factory work a positive for the workers in Lowell’s factories?
Gave women a small amount of freedom and equality
What places in the world are in the process of becoming industrialized?
China, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, etc.
Where has industrialization not started yet on a large scale?
Africa
What are 6 problems that the low wage workers faced in their HOUSING during the Industrial Revolution?
No building codes
No national free education
No police protection
Streets had no drains and were piled high with waste
Frequent disease outbreaks
No running water
Literally anything else that we’ve talked about
How did the government help to cause the poor state of the working class?
They did not pass any laws that would hurt businesses, so companies took advantage of their workers
What problems did the low wage workers face while at work?
Low pay and 16 hours days
Jobs were very unsafe
No safety regulations
Child labor, no unions, no workers compensation or overtime
How did industrialization contribute to global inequality?
Countries that industrialized first were able to make a lot more money and weapons, which allowed them to take over non industrialized countries, and take their stuff.
What are 7 short term changes that happened during the industrial revolution?
Lack of government rules Poor working and living conditions Factory owners grew richer Poor became even more poor No education for lower classes Disease Child Labor
What are five long term effects of Industrialization?
More individual wealth Better health and life expectancy Growth of a middle class Better education Building codes and business regulations enacted and enforced
Why was the Wealth of Nations an important book?
It Explained capitalism
What does laissez-faire mean?
Hands off
Whose hands does this mean, and what are they keeping off of?
Government’s hands off of the businesses
Who owns the businesses, resources, and make decisions in capitalism?
Individuals
What are Freedom of Choice, and Freedom of Enterprise?
Choice – We are able to spend our money how we choose
Enterprise – We are able to start any business that we want
At what scale is capitalism efficient?
Local factory or farm level
How does the “invisible hand” work?
The collective decisions of all consumers informs owners of what to make without the need for government involvement
Explain how capitalism rewards hard work and new ideas?
The harder you work, or the better your invention, the more money you will make
Describe David Ricardo’s theory. Why didn’t it come true?
As population grew, wages would decrease. Our wages have risen due to unions and new government regulations
What is social Darwinism?
Survival of the fittest applied to humans
What are the problems with Social Darwinism?
It justifies extreme poverty and racism
What was necessary according to Thomas Malthus?
War
Disease
Famine
What would happen without these events?
Everyone would be miserable and poor
What did the Utopian movement attempt to do?
Create the perfect tows where all were equals
Why did the Utopian towns fail?
They had no reason to work hard, private property or leadership which led to constant bickering
What is the main idea of Socialism?
Government would take an active role in improving lives of citizens by controlling industries considered too important to the health of the nation
Give three examples of the “major businesses.”
Energy
Transportation
Banking
If a business isn’t considered important to national health, who owns and operates the business?
Individuals
What book laid out the idea of Communism?
Communist Manifesto
According to Communism, how many classes did capitalism have, and what were they?
2, Haves and Have-nots (owners vs. workers, rich vs. poor )
Why and how would the lower classes take control, according to the Communist Manifesto?
They would rise up violently and kill the rich class when the conditions and wealth inequality were bad enough
In Communism, who owns the businesses?
government
What is the goal of Communism?
equality
When is communism efficient?
At the national scale
What are two problems with Communist theories?
provides no rewards for working hard
not efficient at the local scale
What is a union?
Group of workers who fight for better conditions at work
What do unions fight for?
better pay
conditions
hours
What is a strike?
Refusal to work until an agreement is reached between the union and the employer
What are four reforms that labor unions have won?
ending child labor
better pay
safer conditions
shorter work day
Adam Smith
capitalism
David Ricardo
Increased population = decreased wages
Herbert Spencer
Social Darwinism
Thomas Malthus
Fast growing population will out grow the ability to feed themselves, and will result in war
Robert Owen
Utopian Movement
Karl Marx
Communism
