the induced responses to infection

Question 1

NK cell: mediator, stimuli, and cellular response

Answer 1

mediator: interferon gamma, perforin, and granzymes
stimuli: intracellular infections with viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and cancer
response: type 1 immunity, cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Question 2

Innate lymphoid cell 1: mediator, stimuli, and cellular response

Answer 2

mediator: interferon gamma
stimuli: intracellular infections with viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and cancer
response: type 1 immunity, conventional activation of macrophages

Question 3

innate lymphoid cell 2: mediator, stimuli, and cellular response

Answer 3

mediator: interleukin 4, 5, and 13
stimuli: extracellular infection with large multicellular parasites or exposure to allergens
response: type 2 immunity, with noninflammatory activation of macrophages

Question 4

innate lymphoid cell 3: mediator, stimuli, and cellular response

Answer 4

mediator: interleukin 17
stimuli: extracellular infection with bacteria or fungi
response: type 3 immunity, promoting phagocytosis and secretion of antimicrobial peptides

Question 5

NK cell attributes

Answer 5

• main circulating lymphocyte that contribute to innate immune response
• have lots of cytotoxic granules

Question 6

NK cell functions

Answer 6

1. kill infected cells
2. cytokines to enhance macrophages.
3. produces interferon gamma (type 2 interferon)

Question 7

what enhances NK cells

Answer 7

interferon alpha and beta enhance their killing capabilities 20-100 fold.

Question 8

NK cell cytotoxicity activation

Answer 8

1. virus infects cells and triggers interferon 1
2. IF1 drives proliferation of NK cells
3. IF1 drives differentiation of NK cells into cytotoxic effector cells
4. effector NK cells kill virus-infected cells by inducing apoptosis

Question 9

Which interferon being used by NK cells does not use MyD88:
TLR3
TLR7
TLR8

Answer 9

TLR3 does not

Question 10

Do NK cells and macrophages activate each other at site of infection?

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

Steps of NK and macrophages activating eachother

Answer 11

1. macrophages activated by viral infection secrete cytokines that recruit NK cells
2. NK cells and macrophages conjugate. synapse delivers IL-15 which with IL12 activates the NK cell
3. NK cells proliferate and differentiate into effector NK cells secreting interferon gamma
4. interferon gamma binds to its receptor on the macrophage, increasing phagocytosis and cytokine secretion

Question 12

What do dendritic cells do?

Answer 12

• developmentally related to macrophages
• residents in tissues like macrophages, sample the local environment and report to lymphocytes to stimulate adaptive immunity

Question 13

Does interactions between dendritic cells and NK cells influence the immune response?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

when are dendritic cells activated to stimulate adaptive immunity?

Answer 14

when innate immunity is insufficient to stop the infection

Question 15

Does the balance of relative cell numbers between NK cells and dendritic cells determine outcome?

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

When there are more NK cells than dendritic cells the NK cells kill them
T or F

Answer 16

True