the individual within the group

Question 1

what is the drive theory (Zajonc)

Answer 1

• the presence of others creates general physiological arousal which energizes behavior
• increased arousal enhances an individuals tendency to perform the dominant response
• social facilitation triggers the dominant response

Question 2

forsynth & gleitman explanation of social facilitation/inhibition

Answer 2

• social facilitation = improvement of learnt or known tasks
• social inhibition/interference = the worsening of an unknown task

Question 3

what is social loafing

Answer 3

a reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task compared to working alone
caused by motivational loss only

Question 4

evaluation apprehension theory

Answer 4

a performance can only be enhanced or impaired in the presence of others who are in a position to evaluate the performance

Question 5

distraction conflict theory

Answer 5

the presence of others is distracting and produces conflict between attending to the task and attending to the audience

drive overcomes distraction on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks

Question 6

mere presence theories

Answer 6

the mere presence of others is enough to produce the effects of social faciliation

Question 7

Latane (clapping)

Answer 7

• compared volume of clapping/cheering alone or with others
• found that the more people clapping the more intense the noise became, but it did not grow in proportion to the number of people - average sound generated per person decreased
• 2nd exp: results were the same even though p’s wore headphones & blindfolds = no coordination loss

Question 8

social impact theory

Answer 8

the amount of influence a person experience depends one:
strength of the group
immediacy of the group
the number of people exerting the influence

Question 9

what are the possible causes of social loafing?

Answer 9

1. attribution & equity = an attempt to maintain equal division of power
2. output equity = expecting loafing from others so you loaf to maintain equity
3. group size
4. coherence
5. anonymity
6. evaluation apprehension = you cant be individually evaluated = loafing

Question 10

what is deindividuation

Answer 10

the loss of a persons sense of individuality and the reduction of normal moral constraints against deviant behavior

Question 11

what causes deindidivduation

Answer 11

• arousal
• anonymity
• reduced sense of responsability

Question 12

what are the 2 deindividuation env cues

Answer 12

1. accountability cues: low accountability = less likely to be punished = more likely to be deviant
2. attentional cues: focuses a persons attention away from themselves = you lose sense of ethical code = more likely to act out of character

Question 13

SIDE (social identity model of deindividuation effects) model

Answer 13

whether deindividuation effects people for better or worse depends on:
1. the characteristic/norms of the group immediately surrounding the individual
2. the group power to act according to the norms
a shift from personal to social identity

Question 14

social identity theory (in relation to deindividuation)

Answer 14

• our personal identity is comprised of several social identities
• deindividuation happens when personal identity is lost and social identity is adopted

Question 15

Diener et al (halloween)

Answer 15

• inv how anonymity, group presence & responsability would influence deviant behavior in children
• diff condition: alone vs group, anonymous vs not, with or without a responsible child
• results: anonymous took more candy, in a group took more and anonymous, in a group, without responsible child took candy the most

Question 16

Zimbardo process model

Answer 16

• stanford prison exp: revealed people will conform to social roles they are expected to play
• p’s given either guard or prisoner role
• guards began to abuse their power and act violently and dehumanize the prisoners
• prisoners were submissive to guards
• conclusion made were not accurate + had incomplete data - p’s played their roles to be ‘good p’s’ and get reward

Question 17

emergent norm theory

Answer 17

• suggests crowds come together because a crisis occurs that forces people to abandon prior conceptions of appropriate behavior
  no clear norms to guide behavior > distinctive behavior from group members that implies a norm . pressure to conform

Question 18

social faciliatation

Answer 18

an improvement in the performance of a well-learned/easy tasks and a deterioration in the performance of poorly learned/difficult tasks

Question 19

self-awareness theory

Answer 19

when people focus their attention on themselves as an object, they make comparisons between their actual self and their ideal self

the discrepancy between the actual and the ideal self increases motivation and effort to bring actual in line with ideal, so on easy tasks performance improves

Question 20

process loss & coordination loss

Answer 20

process loss = deterioration in group performance in comparison to individual performance due to the whole range of possible interferences among members

coordination loss = deterioration in group performance compared to individual performance due to problems in coordinating behavior

Question 21

the ringelmann effect

Answer 21

individual effort on a task diminishes as group size increases
caused by coordination loss or motivation loss

Question 22

group polarization

Answer 22

a pattern in group discussions in which each member’s attitudes become more extreme