the individual within the group Flashcards
what is the drive theory (Zajonc)
- the presence of others creates general physiological arousal which energizes behavior
- increased arousal enhances an individuals tendency to perform the dominant response
- social facilitation triggers the dominant response
forsynth & gleitman explanation of social facilitation/inhibition
- social facilitation = improvement of learnt or known tasks
- social inhibition/interference = the worsening of an unknown task
what is social loafing
a reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task compared to working alone
caused by motivational loss only
evaluation apprehension theory
a performance can only be enhanced or impaired in the presence of others who are in a position to evaluate the performance
distraction conflict theory
the presence of others is distracting and produces conflict between attending to the task and attending to the audience
drive overcomes distraction on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks
mere presence theories
the mere presence of others is enough to produce the effects of social faciliation
Latane (clapping)
- compared volume of clapping/cheering alone or with others
- found that the more people clapping the more intense the noise became, but it did not grow in proportion to the number of people - average sound generated per person decreased
- 2nd exp: results were the same even though p’s wore headphones & blindfolds = no coordination loss
social impact theory
the amount of influence a person experience depends one:
strength of the group
immediacy of the group
the number of people exerting the influence
what are the possible causes of social loafing?
- attribution & equity = an attempt to maintain equal division of power
- output equity = expecting loafing from others so you loaf to maintain equity
- group size
- coherence
- anonymity
- evaluation apprehension = you cant be individually evaluated = loafing
what is deindividuation
the loss of a persons sense of individuality and the reduction of normal moral constraints against deviant behavior
what causes deindidivduation
- arousal
- anonymity
- reduced sense of responsability
what are the 2 deindividuation env cues
- accountability cues: low accountability = less likely to be punished = more likely to be deviant
- attentional cues: focuses a persons attention away from themselves = you lose sense of ethical code = more likely to act out of character
SIDE (social identity model of deindividuation effects) model
whether deindividuation effects people for better or worse depends on:
1. the characteristic/norms of the group immediately surrounding the individual
2. the group power to act according to the norms
a shift from personal to social identity
social identity theory (in relation to deindividuation)
- our personal identity is comprised of several social identities
- deindividuation happens when personal identity is lost and social identity is adopted
Diener et al (halloween)
- inv how anonymity, group presence & responsability would influence deviant behavior in children
- diff condition: alone vs group, anonymous vs not, with or without a responsible child
- results: anonymous took more candy, in a group took more and anonymous, in a group, without responsible child took candy the most
Zimbardo process model
- stanford prison exp: revealed people will conform to social roles they are expected to play
- p’s given either guard or prisoner role
- guards began to abuse their power and act violently and dehumanize the prisoners
- prisoners were submissive to guards
- conclusion made were not accurate + had incomplete data - p’s played their roles to be ‘good p’s’ and get reward
emergent norm theory
- suggests crowds come together because a crisis occurs that forces people to abandon prior conceptions of appropriate behavior
no clear norms to guide behavior > distinctive behavior from group members that implies a norm . pressure to conform
social faciliatation
an improvement in the performance of a well-learned/easy tasks and a deterioration in the performance of poorly learned/difficult tasks
self-awareness theory
when people focus their attention on themselves as an object, they make comparisons between their actual self and their ideal self
the discrepancy between the actual and the ideal self increases motivation and effort to bring actual in line with ideal, so on easy tasks performance improves
process loss & coordination loss
process loss = deterioration in group performance in comparison to individual performance due to the whole range of possible interferences among members
coordination loss = deterioration in group performance compared to individual performance due to problems in coordinating behavior
the ringelmann effect
individual effort on a task diminishes as group size increases
caused by coordination loss or motivation loss
group polarization
a pattern in group discussions in which each member’s attitudes become more extreme
