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year 12 health > The impact of smoking and vaping (SAC 2) > Flashcards

The impact of smoking and vaping (SAC 2) Flashcards

1
Q

define the term Smoking

A

Tobacco smocking is the practice of inhaling tabaco smoke into the mouth and then releasing it

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2
Q

what is Passive smoking

A

is involuntary inhaling smoke from peoples Tabacco products

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3
Q

what are the chemicals found in the cigarettes and vapes

A
  • Nicotine
    -Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde
    -Particulate matter
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4
Q

what is Nicotine

A

a highly addictive chemical that has been shown to impair brain development in youth and can lead to poisoning and an increase in rates of anxiety and depression

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5
Q

what is Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde

A
  • chemical in cigarets and vapes

known carcinogens: things that have the potential to cause caner

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6
Q

Particulate matter

A

microscopic solid and liquid particles that contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and cardiovascular disease, and premature death

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7
Q

how does smoking lead to cardiovascular desires

A

Tabacco smock reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood contributing to increased blood pressure and heart rate

-Chemicals in Tabaco smoke also thicken the blood, making it sticky and more likely to form blood clots. A blood clot cab block blood vessels and restrict blood flow to various parts of the body, including the heart and brain.

-Chemicals in Tabacco speed up the process of asethecelosis, which increases the risk of heart attach and stroke and contributes to higher mortality rates for there conditions.

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8
Q

how does smoking cause tumours

A

-Smocking can cause a fault in the body cells as they divide which can lead to a tumour and ultimately, cancer.

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9
Q

what are the main forms of cancer caused from smoking

A

lung, mouth and oesophageal

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10
Q

Prenatal/infant health outcomes effects of smocking and vaping

A

reduces blood flow to the baby, which in turn reduces the amount of nutrients available for optimal development and growth, increasing the risk of having a baby which ow birth weight )under 2.5 kg)

low birth weight tend to have underdeveloped immune systems; making them more prone to infections

  • Increased risk of miscarriage, or a still birth
  • They are also more likely to suffer from premature death, which contributes to the infant under 5 mortality rates.
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11
Q

Asthma effects on smoking and vaping

A

-Asthma causes the muscles in the airways to tighten and the lining of the airways to become swollen and inflamed producing sticking mucous.

-These changes make it difficult to breathe.

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12
Q

what is Alcohol

A

is a depressant drug – it slows down the messages travelling between the brain and the body and therefore impairs judgement and decisions made when under the influence of alcohol

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13
Q

what is Alcohol misuse

A

relates to the excessive consumption of alcohol and includes alcoholism and binge-drinking

  • Alcoholism is when a person cannot stop drinking once they have started, or has a constant desire to drink alcohol
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14
Q

what is binge drinking

A

in Australia is defined as consuming more than four standard drinks in one sitting

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15
Q

what is the impact of Alcohol consumption

A

alters the brain and affects judgement and motor control, which can increase the risk of poor driving including speeding, road accidents and injuries

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16
Q

what conditions are caused from alcohol consumption?

A
  • Overweight and obesity
  • Cancer
  • Liver disease
  • Injuries
  • Mental health issues
  • Infant health outcomes
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17
Q

Overweight/ obesity in relation to alcohol consumption

A

Alcohol contains kilojoules, which when consumed in excess can lead to weight gain and high body mass index If kilojoules are not burnt off, this energy may then be stored as fat which then increases the risk of overweight/obesity.

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18
Q

what types of cancer can alcohol consumption lead to

A

Alcohol use increases the risk of a range of cancers including cancer of the mouth, throat, stomach, bowel, liver and breast

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19
Q

why does alcohol consumption lead to cancers

A

This is because when alcohol is metabolised, a chemical is created that can damage DNA and lead to the growth of cancerous tumours

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20
Q

how can alcahole lead to Liver disease

A

*Alcohol is filtered through the liver

*Excessive consumption can cause inflammation and scarring of the liver tissue, which can lead to the liver not functioning properly and toxins remaining in the body

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21
Q

how can alcohol lead to Injuries

A

The behavior of people affected by alcohol can change – putting a strain on relationships and increasing the risk of mental health issues such as depression and in extreme cases self harm

more likely to act impulsively and take risks such as drink driving and displaying aggression

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22
Q

how does alcohol increases Mental health issues

A

Alcohol is classified as depressant drug.
Depressant drugs suppress the central nervous system and slows down the functions of your brain, affecting the way you think, feel and behave

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23
Q

what are Infant health outcomes as a result of alcohol consumption

A

increases the risk of premature birth, low birth weight and foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

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24
Q

what is FASD

A

ASD describes a range of conditions that can occur in children exposed to alcohol before birth:

*Harm to the development of the baby’s nervous system

*Undernourishment of the growing baby

*changes in the development of the baby’s face

*Significant problems with learning and behavior

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25
what is Overweight and Obesity
relates to carrying excess body weight that negatively impacts health and wellbeing
26
Limitations of Body mass index
-Does not distinguish between fat and muscle -Does not indicate where the body fat is stored.
27
how does overnight and obesity increases Cardiovascular disease
there is greater strain on the heart which increases the risk of hypertension, heart attack and stroke *Hypertension = high blood pressure cholesterol levels are elevated, which increases the rate of cell division, which increases the risk of one of these new cells being an abnormal, cancerous cell
28
how does overweight and obesity increases Cancer
Fat cells send signals out to the rest of the body which can lead to inflammation and higher levels of growth hormone being released. Both of these result in a higher rate of cell division, which increases the risk of one of these new cells being an abnormal, cancerous cell Can lead to colorectal and breast cancer
29
how does overnight and obesity lead to Type 2 diabetes
The pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or the body cannot use the insulin effectively (known as insulin resistance) Fat cells release a type of fatty acid into the blood stream that is though to lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
30
how does being overweight or obese lead to Osteoarthritis
Overweight and obesity puts more pressure on the joints, which can contribute to osteoarthritis, which is characterised by cartilage being worn down Cartilage usually cushions the joints where bones meet so when cartilage wears down, bone rubs on bone, which causes pain and limited mobility *Osteoarthritis becomes worse over time (degenerative) and often leads to reduced functioning, such as the inability to write, walk or stand
31
how does overweight and obesity lead to Asthma
Children experiencing overweight or obesity have a greater risk of developing asthma than children with a healthy body weight
32
how does overweight and obesity lead mental health issues
Overweight and obesity can contribute to conditions such as anxiety and depression Children experiencing overweight or obesity can be particularly susceptible to these conditions – self-esteem and body image issues
33
how does overweight and obesity lead to Dementia
Damage to blood vessels that occurs in many people who are overweight or obese may contribute to reduced blood flow to the brain and, in turn, dementia
34
how does overweight and obesity lead to Maternal health conditions
are more susceptible to a range of pregnancy related conditions, including high blood pressure and gestational diabetes
35
what is fibre
*Fibre is a type of carbohydrate *Found in all foods of plant origin *Fibre does not get absorbed by the body. Rather, it travels through the digestive system, promoting feelings of fullness and assisting in keep the digestive tract clean by adding bulk to faeces
36
Two types of fibre:
*Soluble: found in foods such as oats and absorbs water *Insoluble: does not absorb moisture
37
what Conditions are caused by low intake of fibre
* Overweight and obesity * Colorectal cancer * Cardiovascular disease * Type 2 diabetes
38
Overweight and obesity as a result of low fibre intake
Both types of fibre travel through the digestive system without being absorbed by the body. This promotes feelings of fullness, which means that low intake can contribute to overeating and therefore overweight and obesity
39
Colorectal cancer as a result of low fibre intake
Fibre adds bulk to faeces and assists in keeping the digestive system clean, reducing the risk of abnormal cells developing, especially in the colon and rectum
40
Cardiovascular disease as a result of low fibre intake
Soluble fibre attaches to particles of LDL cholesterol and helps to excrete them -Soluble fibre helps to decrease levels of cholesterol in the body Low intake of fibre has been shown to increase the rate of cholesterol absorption and the risk of CVD
41
Type 2 diabetes as a result of low fibre intake
Fibre reduces the absorption of glucose, which is protective in relation to type 2 diabetes because it takes the pressure off the pancreas
42
Impact of Under-consumption of fruit and vegetables - what are fruits and veg
*Fruit and vegetables are nutrient dense *they are high in minerals and vitamins, low in kilojoules and high in fibre and antioxidants
43
Conditions caused form Under-consumption of fruit and vegetables
* Overweight and obesity * Cardiovascular disease * Neural tube defects
44
Overweight and obesity as a result of Under-consumption of fruit and vegetables
*Consuming fruit and vegetables instead of energy dense foods can assist with weight management and reduce the risk of overweight and obesity *Fruit and vegetables are a rich source of fibre, which assists in reducing the risk of weight gain
45
Cardiovascular disease as a result of under consumption of fruit and veg
are a source of antioxidants, which work to reduce the impact of free radicals in the body *Free radicals are molecules that can damage body cells *The antioxidants in fruit and vegetables target free radicals and eliminate them from the body, thereby reducing the risk of developing conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer
46
Neural tube defects as a result of under consumption of fruit and vegs
*Nutrients found in fruit and vegetables, such as folate, play a significant role in the development of the brain and spinal cord during the prenatal stage of the lifespan *Under-consumption of fruits and vegetables before and during pregnancy increases the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida
47
Under-consumption of dairy foods
- Dairy foods relate to animal milk and products created from animal milk, including cheese and yoghurt - The adolescent years are critical for the deposition of calcium while bone growth and development is still occurring
48
conditions caused from Under-consumption of dairy foods
* Osteoporosis * Cardiovascular disease * Colorectal cancer * Type 2 diabetes * Dental caries
49
how does Under-consumption of dairy foods lead to Cardiovascular disease
Increased risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and stroke
50
how does Under-consumption of dairy foods lead to Colorectal cancer
People who regularly consume more than one serve of dairy products each day (particularly milk) have a reduced risk of developing colorectal cancer
51
how does Under-consumption of dairy foods lead to Type 2 diabetes
Under-consumption of milk and other milk products and consuming refined sugars and carbohydrates instead, might increase the risk of overweight young adults developing type 2 diabetes
52
how does Under-consumption of dairy foods lead to Dental caries
Calcium hardens the tooth enamel meaning that teeth are not as strong as they could be
53
High intake of fat
*Fats are sometimes referred to as lipids *Most people get enough fats in their diets
54
Fats have three main functions:
1.Are a source of energy in the body 2.Provide projection to vital organs 3.Provide insulation to assist with temperate regulation
55
There are four different types of fats:
1. Saturated fats 2. Monounsaturated fats 3. Polyunsaturated fats 4. Trans fats
56
High intake of fate cusses conditions such as
* Overweight and obesity * Cardiovascular disease * Type 2 diabetes * Colorectal cancer
57
how does High intake of fate cusses Overweight and obesity
All fats can be used as a fuel source for energy production and will contribute to weight gain if their energy provided by them is not used.
58
how does High intake of fate cusses Cardiovascular disease
* Two types of cholesterol: * Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) – bad cholesterol *High-density lipoprotein (HDL) – good cholesterol When there is too much LDL in the blood, it tends to be deposited on the walls of the blood vessels, giving the blood less room to travel to the cells. This leads to the walls of the arteries hardening and becoming narrow – this is known as atherosclerosis and contributes to CVD, coronary heart disease and stroke *Atherosclerosis makes the heart work harder to pump blood around the body *HDL can slow the process of atherosclerosis, therefore reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke
59
how does saturated and trans fats increases cardiovascular desires
*Saturated and trans fats increase LDL cholesterol levels in the blood and therefore increase the risk of cardiovascular disease *Trans fats can also decrease levels of HDL cholesterol, further increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke
60
how does high intake of fat lead to Type 2 diabetes:
Diets high in saturated and trans fats have been shown to change the composition of cell membranes, which can interfere with the transport of glucose into the cell, increasing the impact of impaired glucose regulation and the risk of type 2 diabetes
61
how does high intake of fat lead to Colorectal cancer
Diets high in fats can cause changes in the digestive system that increase inflammation which can lead to increased cell division and the risk of cancer
62
High intake of salt
*One of the main components of salt is sodium *Sodium is required for optimal human functioning, but too much can contribute to negative health outcomes
63
Conditions caused by high intake of salt
* Hypertension * Cardiovascular disease * Osteoporosis
64
how does high intake of salt lead to Hypertension
*Increased sodium levels in the body result in excess fluid being withdrawn from the cells in the body, leading to increased blood volume *This places an added strain on the heart as it has to work harder to pump blood around the body (through blood vessels) increasing blood pressure and rates of hypertension
65
how does high intake of salt lead to Cardiovascular disease
*Increased blood volume and hypertension force the heart to work harder *Heart failure can result if the heart cannot keep up with the demand of the body
66
how does high intake of salt lead to Osteoporosis
Excess sodium causes calcium to be excreted in the urine, which can lead to demineralisation of bones and therefore osteoporosis
67
Impact on health status from High intake of sugar
Sugar is a type of carbohydrate Carbohydrates are one of three macronutrients that provide the body with energy Sugar is found naturally in some foods such as fruit and honey, and added to many processed foods such as confectionary, sugar-sweetened soft drinks and cordials, fruit drinks, vitamin waters, energy and sports drinks
68
Conditions caused by high intake of sugar
* Overweight and obesity * Dental caries and dental disease
69
Overweight and obesity as a result of high intake of sugar
Sugars are required as a fuel for energy production but, if consumed in excess, they are stored as adipose (fat) tissue which overtime can lead to weight gain and overweight and obesity
70
Dental carriers and dental diseases
Sugar provides a food source for bacteria in the mouth *These bacteria produce acids that contribute to the decay of tooth enamel and the development of dental caries *If left untreated, diseases such as periodontitis can occur *Periodontitis is a condition characterised by inflammation and infection of the tissues that support the teeth and in the long term, can lead to the loosening and loss of teeth

year 12 health (5 decks)

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