promoting health in Australia SAC 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Infectious Diseases
A
Infectious diseases can be transmitted from one person to another
eg. COVID-19, tuberculosis, polio, smallpox, hepatitis.
2
Q
Parasitic diseases occur when
A
parasites – such as worms, skin mites, body lice and protozoa – enter the body through contaminated food or water, or from contact with others who have parasites on their skin or hair
3
Q
Changes in Patterns of Disease and Illness such as
A
There have been changes in the diseases and conditions responsible for the majority of deaths
- cancer
-Respiratory Diseases
-Cardiovascular Disease
-Injury and Poisoning
4
Q
Living conditions at that time were quite different which contributes to the improvement over time
A
water and food supplies were often contaminated, rubbish littered the streets, and public facilities such as sewage disposal, safe water and controls over food supplies were not well established
5
Q
changes in Cancer (Neoplasms)
A
Cancer death rates increased throughout the twentieth century, reaching a peak in the mid 1980s before falling gradually
This rise was due to an increase in lung cancer for which the uptake cigarette smoking in the 1920s was responsible
6
Q
Cardiovascular Disease
A
Cardiovascular diseases involve the heart and blood vessels, and interferes with how the blood is circulated throughout the body
7
Q
Respiratory Diseases
A
Respiratory diseases affect the lungs and other parts of the body that are involved in breathing
They include COVID-19, pneumonia, influenza, asthma
8
Q
Injury and Poisoning
A
Deaths from injury and poisoning include those from motor vehicle and other accidents, suicide, assault, poisoning, drowning, burns and falls and complications from medical and surgical care
9
Q
why has life expectancy increased in Australia from 1900
A
- shows that significant improvements in health status have been made
10
Q
what us a reason for the trend in life expectancy decreasing
A
the massive decline in infant and under-5 mortality rates
11
Q
define the term Public Health
A
It refers particularly to the ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health status and prevent disease
12
Q
define ‘Old’ Public Health
A
Government actions that focused on the changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease,
such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal improved nutrition, improved housing conditions and better work conditions.
13
Q
Initiatives Relating to the ‘Old’ Public Health list
A
- Clean drinking water was provided
- Sewage systems were established and sanitation was improved
- Better quality housing
- Improved food and nutrition
- Improved working conditions
-Mass Immunisation Programs
-Establishment of public health campaigns
- More hygienic birthing practices
-Antenatal and infant welfare services were provided
-Quarantine laws
14
Q
‘Old’ public health initiative
of clean drinking water being provided
A
means that People were provided with safe water to drink
15
Q
how does having clean water improve health status
A
Infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, typhoid and cholera were reduced
Improved infant and child mortality rates
Improved life expectancy
16
Q
Old public health initiative of Sewage systems being established and sanitation was improved
A
means that Sewage systems help to keep human wastes separated from water supplies and garbage and waste were removed from the streets
17
Q
how does the old public health initiative improve Australia’s health status
A
Infectious diseases such as gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, cholera and hepatitis were reduced
Improved infant and child mortality rates
Improved life expectancy
18
Q
old public health initiative of Better quality housing and the elimination of housing slums
A
Laws required all houses be built with drains and a sewerage system or cesspit (a hole in the ground to separate human excrement)
Houses had to have ventilation and be better designed with less overcrowding
Efforts were made to clean up slums in major cities
19
Q
how does the public health initiative of providing better quality houses improve health status
A
Reduced deaths from respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, influenza and infectious diseases such as typhoid, cholera and diarrhoea
Improved infant and child mortality rates
Improved life expectancy
20
Q
Improved food and nutrition
A
Food often transmitted diseases from bacteria, parasites, toxins and viruses due to poor hygiene and storage.
The Pure Foods Act in 1905 brought about improvements in the safety and standards of food
Public health campaigns promoted the importance of food hygiene and the importance of fruit and vegetables
Refrigeration after World War II reduced the use of harmful preservatives in meat-curing
The School Milk Program, introduced after World War I, provided milk for school children
21
Q
how does improvement of nutrition and food improve health status
A
Reduction in stomach cancer
Improved nutrition increased resistance to infectious and respiratory diseases
Improved infant and child mortality rates
Improved life expectancy
22
Q
Improved working conditions
A
Workplaces had to have better ventilation and toilets (water closets) for workers
Employment of children under 13 years of age was prohibited
The Harvester Judgement in 1907 meant workers were paid a minimum wage that helped reduce poverty
Workplace regulations better protected people working in dangerous occupations
23
Q
how did old public healths initiative for improved working conditions health improve health status
A
Reduced industrial-related child deaths
These actions contributed to a reduction in workplace injuries
Improved life expectancy
24
Q
Mass Immunisation Programs
A
With a scientific discovery of vaccines, the government funded mass vaccinations
25
how do mass immunisations improve health status
Reductions from infectious diseases such as smallpox, polio diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis B and COVID-19
Improved infant and child mortality rates
Improved life expectancy
26
More hygienic birthing practices
There were safe and hygienic birthing conditions with trained and registered midwives and doctors
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how did hygienic birthing practices improve health status
Reduction in maternal and infant mortality rates
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Antenatal and infant welfare services were provided as a public health insinuative
Following World War II, antenatal and infant welfare services were established, which supported mothers and babies
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how does Antenatal and infant welfare services improve heath status
Reduced fertility rates and lower maternal mortality rates
Reduced infant mortality rates
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old public health initiative of Quarantine laws
Quarantine laws were introduced to control the speed of COVID-19 in 2020-2022
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how did Quarantine laws change health status
Reduction in infectious diseases
Improved life expectancy
32
define The Shift to Health Promotion
Health promotion refers to the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.
33
define the Biomedical Approach
Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness; a medical model practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
34
what is the aim of the Biomedical Approach
Works to return an individual to their pre-illness state of health and wellbeing
the use of technology to diagnose and cure disease and on the services provided by doctors, specialists and hospitals
Sometimes referred to as the ‘band aid’ or ‘quick-fix’ approach
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Examples of the Biomedical Approach
Stitches to assist in healing of a cut or wound
Surgery to replace a hip or remove an appendix
Chemotherapy to treat cancer
Medication to lower blood pressure
X-rays to diagnose fractured bones
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ADVANTAGES of the Biomedical Approach to Health
Funding brings about improvements in technology and research
- without there would be no X-rays, antibiotics or anaesthetics. There would also be relatively little knowledge about how to diagnose and treat illness.
It enables many illnesses and conditions to be effectively treated
It extends life expectancy
-Many causes of death that were common in the past, such as some infectious diseases, can now be treated and cured
It improves quality of life and health adjusted life expectancy
-chronic conditions can be managed with medication, therapy or surgery, reducing pain and suffering.
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DISADVANTAGES of the Biomedical Approach to Health
It relies on professional health workers and technology and is therefore costly
- as technology have developed, the cost of training and equipment has also increased. Some machines (such as MRI machines) and treatment (such as robotic surgery systems) can cost millions of dollars and only treat a small number of patients each day.
It doesn’t always promote good health and wellbeing
-can encourage a reliance on quick-fix solutions to health issues.
Not every condition can be treated
It is not always affordable
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define the Social Model
of Health
approach that recognises improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups
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ADVANTAGES of the Social Model of Health
It promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in preventing diseases
It takes a more holistic approach to health and wellbeing because it doesn't just focus on desires
It is less expensive than the biomedical approach
It focuses on vulnerable population groups
Education can be passed on from generation to generation as it often uses education to enhance health and wellbeing
The responsibility for health and wellbeing is shared
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DISADVANTAGES of the Social Model of Health
Not every illness or condition can be prevented
It does not promote the development of technology and medical knowledge
It does not address the health and wellbeing concerns of individuals
Health promotion messages may be ignored, as social model of health relies on public cooperation. If people choose to ignore the health messages provided, health and wellbeing may not improve.
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Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was developed by the WHO and aims to reduce inequalities in health
It reflects the social model of health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health outcomes
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Bad
Cats
Smell
Dead
Rats
Build healthy public policy
Create supportive environments
Strengthen community action
Develop personal skills
Reorient health services
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what is the meaning of the action area of
Build healthy public policy
Relates directly to the decisions made by government and organisations regarding laws and policies that make it more difficult for people to undertake unhealthy behaviours
example:
-Increasing the tax on tobacco and alcohol drinks,
-Banning smoking in public places,
-Compulsory wearing of seatbelts, which aims to directly influence behaviour
44
action area of Create supportive environments
Recognises the impact that the broader determinants have on health and wellbeing and health status
Aims to promote a healthy physical and sociocultural environment for all members of the community
A supportive environment is one that promotes health and wellbeing by being safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable
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examples of creating a supportive environment
The establishment of Quitline (a support service for smokers wanting to quit)
Providing shaded areas in school playgrounds (reduces uv exposure)
Providing a safe working environment
46
the action area of Strengthen community action
Focuses on building links between individuals and the community, and centres around the community working together to achieve a common goal
Giving the community a sense of ownership
examples: Immunisation strategy – this involves media, doctors, schools and parents working together to achieve higher immunisation rates for children
47
the action area of Develop personal skills
Education is the main aspect of this action area
Education refers to gaining health-related knowledge and skills that allow people to make informed decisions that may indirectly affect health and wellbeing
Education can occur in many places, including school and work settings, families, and government and non-government organisations
examples: A community health centre running cooking classes for the community
Quit campaign educating people about the harmful effects of smoking
48
Reorient health services
Refers to changing the health system so that it promotes health and wellbeing rather than just focusing on diagnosing and treating illness,
Addressing all factors that influence health and wellbeing, not just diseases. This requires a shift towards health promotion, which includes doctors taking on the role of educator
49
The role of health promotion
is to create conditions that encourage healthier lives and prevent ill health
50
why have Governments invested billions of dollars in health promotion in Australia over time
because the cost of preventing ill health is significantly lower that the cost of treating diseases and injuries
51
Health promotion focus – Smoking and Vaping: Quit Campaigns
- funded by the Victorian Government and VicHealth
-aims to decrease the use of both traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes by assisting individuals to quit and preventing the uptake of these behaviours
52
what doe the quit campaign do
Quitline specialists provide callers with a plan for quitting that is tailored to their individual needs, as well as information on different quitting methods and products.
link callers up with local support groups
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Quit specialists are given additional training to assist people with smoking or vaping cessation in a culturally appropriate way
53
Health promotion focus – Smoking and Vaping: QuitCoach and QuitTx
are free-of-charge to Victorians
Quitline is available for the cost of a telephone call (or free if referred by a health professional)
These services are available to all Australians regardless of socioeconomic status or geographical location
Quit Victoria website provides a range of materials to assist smokers and vapers in recognising reasons to quit, preparing to quit, staying smoke- and vape-free and managing setbacks
54
Ottawa Charter Action Area
Build healthy public policy
for the quit campaigns
Quit undertakes research and provides advice to the state government to build healthy public policies – creating laws relating to smoking and vaping in public places, advertising, the ban on disposable vapes and the display of cigarettes in retail outlets
55
Ottawa Charter Action Area
create a supportive environment
Quitline provides support throughout the quitting process
56
how does quit Champaigns Strengthen community action
Quit is funded by the Victorian Government and VicHealth
57
how does the quit Champlain Develop personal skills
provides information regarding tobacco smoking and vaping and the benefits associated with not smoking or vaping. This is achieved through public education using mass media advertising campaigns, public relations and downloadable information on the Quit website
Quitline provides advice and practical strategies for quitting
58
Health promotion focus – Alcohol misuse: the Good Sports program
This program provides sports clubs with free tools, resources and practical support to reduce the negative impacts of alcohol misuse
Helps clubs prepare for potential drug-related issues by assisting in the development and implementation of illegal drug policies in the form of information and expert advice.
young club members are provided with lifelong decision-making skills that reduce potential harms from alcohol, such as road trauma caused by drink driving
59
who is this aimed at
involves both parents and clubs to reduce junior players’ exposure to alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs, creating positive playing environments and equipping older players to act as positive role models and mentors
Promotes healthy and inclusive conversations around mental health, leading to strong and positive support networks
60
Health promotion focus – Road safety: Victorian Road Safety Strategy 2021-2030
aims to halve the road toll by 2030 and to eliminate road accident deaths by 2050, by addressing a range of factors that contribute to road-related injuries, such as infrastructure, road laws, human behaviour and vehicle safety
61
Health promotion focus – Skin cancer: SunSmart
*SunSmart has developed a range of healthy public policies that can be adapted to individual childcare centres, kindergartens, schools and workplaces
*Improving environmental protection strategies, such as providing information on options for built and natural shade and promoting the SunSmart UV app, which includes sun protection times based on UV levels for the day
*Assists organisations such as early childcare centres, schools and workplaces to implement sun safety measures to protect their members
*Mass advertising campaigns
*Encourages SunSmart education within the school’s curriculum
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Health promotion focus – Overweight and obesity: LiveLighter
LiveLighter works to help people eat well, be physically active and avoid excess weight gain
Provides fact sheets and a range of healthy recipes to download for free from its website
LiveLighter advocates for less promotion of junk food, better access to healthy food for all, improved food labelling and infrastructure and policies to ensure people to be more active
Provide professional development for health professionals
Develops policies that workplaces can use to promote healthy eating and physical activity (eg: traffic light system)
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define Social Justice
Relates to fairness within society and is based on the following principles
Human rights
Access
Participation
Equity
64
Human rights –
relate to the freedoms and conditions that every person is entitled to, regardless of factors such as race, religion, gender identity, sexual orientation, age and sex.
65
Access
all people must have adequate access to the resources and opportunities they need to thrive, including food, safe water, shelter education, employment, income and health care, and to participate in the decisions that affect their lives,
66
Participation –
everyone in society has the opportunity to participate in their community and have their voice represented
67
Equity –
– disadvantaged individuals and groups need to have their specific challenges addressed, so they can achieve the same level of health and wellbeing as others in the population. In this sense, equity relates to providing more support for those who need it
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Closing the Gap
The goal of the campaign is to improve the health and life expectancy of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples so that it reaches the same standard as that of the rest of Australia’s population by 2030
69
what's the target goals in the Champlain closing the gap
improving health outcomes, educational attainment, employment and housing, reducing incarceration, out-of-home care, violence and suicide and promoting legal rights relating to land and water
70
what is Deadly Choices Initiative
works to encourage and empower Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to make healthy choices for themselves and their families – to stop smoking, eat good food and exercise daily
To achieve these goals, the initiative provides a range of education programs, including tobacco cessation programs and cooking programs
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how does the deadly choices initiative promote social justice
1. Providing access to education and health care.
2.Promoting equity because Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples experience worse health outcomes,
72
The 2Spirits Program
Embraces a ‘whole community approach’ to improve the sexual health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander gay men and sistergirls through education, prevention, health promotion and community development activities
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examples of 2Spirit program
Printed resources and campaigns
Peer education workshops
Professional development program
Retreats for gay men, sistergirls and people living with HIV
Social support groups
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Tackling Indigenous Smoking (TIS) initiative
TIS is a federal government initiative that works to improve life expectancy among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples by reducing tobacco use
Local organisations run activities to reduce smoking rates
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Considerations that can be included when evaluating healthy eating initiatives:
Ease of understanding
Access –
Inclusiveness –
Relevance –
Effectiveness –
Sustainability –
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Ease of understanding meaning
visual guides can be useful for those with lower levels of literacy. Resources available in a range of languages can also reach linguistically diverse populations
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Access meaning
being able to access resources free of charge removes financial barriers for individuals and groups. Accessing resources online can remove geographical barriers
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Inclusiveness meaning
this relates to all groups within Australia being able to benefit from the initiative. For example, the Australian population consists of a diverse range of cultures and these need to taken into account to ensure maximum reach
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Relevance meaning
initiatives should work towards a significant need of the community. They should also work towards their stated objectives
80
Effectiveness
this is the degree to which the program achieves or is expected to achieve its objectives across all population groups
81
Sustainability
this relates to the impacts of the program being able to continue into the future
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Australian Dietary Guidelines
The guidelines are intended to be used by health professionals, educators, industry bodies and other parties interested in promoting healthy eating
The guidelines are aimed at all people in the general healthy population, including those with common diet-related risk factors, but not those with serious medical conditions
83
what will the guidelines help with
1. Develop healthy dietary patterns
2. Reduce the risk of developing a range of diet-related conditions
3.Reduce the risk of developing chronic conditions
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Guideline 1:
To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amount of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs
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Guideline 2:
Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups every day
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Guideline 3:
Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol
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Guideline 4:
Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding
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Guideline 5:
Care for your food; prepare and store it safely
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strengths of the guidelines
available for free download from the Eat Well website, meaning that cost doesn’t act as a barrier to accessing this resource
The guidelines are available in an accessible format, making them more accessible for those low vision
90
limitations of guidelines
The five guidelines are written and may be hard for people with low literacy levels to understand and follow
The guidelines are only available in English, making them difficult for those from non-English-speaking backgrounds to follow
The guidelines are based on the requirements of the average person. This can mean that the serving sizes are not appropriate for all people
91
what is Australian Guide to Healthy Eating
Visual tool that reflects the ADGs
Encompasses both guideline 2 and 3
5 wedges represent the 5 food groups
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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Guide to Healthy Eating
Has been adapted from the AGHE:
includes references to traditional foods such as kangaroo, goanna and crab meat, bush fruits and vegetables, and damper
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Strengths of the guide of healthy eating
The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating is translated into more than 10 languages
The guides provide a visual representation of Australian Guidelines 2 and 3.
Because the guides are based on Australian Guidelines 2 and 3, they are based on the latest scientific research,
A range of foods are included from different cultures, which can assist different groups in improving their food intake
94
disadvantages of the guide to healthy eating
no info on serving sizes or numbers, which may mean that people consume too much or not enough food
do not make provisions for composite foods such as pizza or a casserole, which can make them difficult to follow
The guides do not provide specific advice for people with dietary conditions or needs
95
what are Personal Factors
relate to characteristics of individuals that influence food intake
96
what are the three types of personal factors
Willpower and taste preferences
Attitudes and beliefs
Health and wellbeing factors
97
what is Willpower and Taste Preferences - personal factor
suggest Most people prefer certain foods to others
factors such as taste preferences and past experiences
Foods high in fat, salt and sugar are known as flavour enhancers because they stimulate the taste buds and the brain’s reward system by releasing dopamine, one of the body’s feel-good chemicals
98
An individual’s attitudes and beliefs about food can be complicated and can include:
Perceptions that healthy foods are bland or tasteless
Ignoring the potential negative effects of unhealthy foods
Philosophical beliefs such as vegetarianism or organic preferences
Restricting certain foods, which leads to under-consumption of certain nutrients
99
Health and Wellbeing Factors
Food allergies – Omitting these foods (gluten, nuts, cow’s milk etc) may contribute to difficulty in following health promotion initiatives such as the ADGs and AGHE, especially if an individual lacks knowledge of substitutes that provide the nutrients they may be lacking.
certine foods can trigger dopamine, if they have a bad day or feel down, they may use food as a coping mechanism
100
what is Sociocultural Factors
relate to aspects of a person’s society and culture that influence food intake
101
what are the 4 Sociocultural Factors
Socioeconomic status
Employment status
Family and peer group
Commercial factors
102
Socioeconomic Status
- Education, income and occupation
Lack of nutritional knowledge and cooking skills often predisposes people to consume unhealthy meals
Lack of education can also lead to consumers believing that they are consuming healthy foods because they do not have the skills to accurately assess their current food intake
Difficulty in reading food labels and lack of understanding of portion size
Income impacts the affordability of food,
103
Employment Status
convenience foods are often consumed in the home because there is a lack of time to purchase fresh ingredients and prepare a meal from scratch
104
Family and peer group
The cultural and religious background of a family may include ties to traditional foods that have been consumed through generations
Familiarity with specific foods can make it difficult to change to other, non-familiar food items
105
Commercial Factors
Supply chains –
Relate to the process that all foods go through from where they are produced and consumed
Supply chains influence the distribution and pricing of food
106
Commercial Factors
Distribution and affordability –
The prices that consumers pay for food are generally set by retailers such as supermarkets and restaurants
These prices are influenced by a range of factors including the wholesale price that retailers had to pay for food items, transport, storage and staffing costs.
Transport costs are greater for foods that are flown or shipped in from overseas or transported by road or rail to remote parts of the country
The cost of basic nutritious foods is 30% higher in rural and remote areas than in urban and metropolitan areas
107
Commercial Factors
Packaging and labelling –
Packaging is often used as a marketing tool by food manufacturers, for example, by using cartoon characters
If people are drawn to specific items because they appeal to them visually,
: a product may be ‘fat free’, but may contain high amounts of sugar
108
Commercial Factors
Marketing strategies and use of the media –
The information provided through marketing and media can create conflicting messages for individuals, potentially affecting their ability to choose healthy foods
celebrities, including celebrity chefs; product placement on cooking programs and TV; emails and text messages
109
what are the 4 Environmental Factors
relate to the elements of the physical environment that influence food intake
Geographic location
Workplaces
Housing environment
Transport
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Geographic location
For people who live outside major cities, food options may be more limited.
Suburbs where socioeconomic disadvantage is greater tare often the suburbs with the highest number of fast-food outlets
Fast-food is generally high in fat, salt and sugar than other options
Living in close proximity to such venues may increase the likelihood of people consuming these foods
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Workplaces
Some workplaces provide opportunities for employees to access food during breaks from workplace canteens
Hospitality staff are often provided a meal
Workplaces that do not have access to cooking facilities (tradespeople and those in transport) decrease the types of foods that employees can prepare for themselves, which can make nutritional change difficult
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Housing environment
Meals are often consumed in the home and the facilities available in the housing environment influence the options available
Lack of access to these facilities impacts the manner in which people store and prepare their food
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Transport
Many people require some form of transport to access food outlets in their neighbourhoods such as roads and related infrastructure, cycling paths and public transport networks
Lack of access to transport can mean that people must rely on foods close to their homes or that can be delivered,
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