The Hypothalamus Flashcards
Tuberal nuclei are located in:
A. Hypothalamus.
B. Median eminence.
C. Infundibulum.
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus contains nuclei in the floor of the third ventricle near the infundibulum which produce releasing hormones.
Horner’s Syndrome consists of miosis, ptosis, and anhidrosis. These can all be explained as due to the interruption of:
A. Nerve III.
B. Oculomotor nucleus.
C. Hypothalamospinal and reticulospinal fibers.
D. Tuberal nuclei in the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamospinal and reticulospinal fibers.
Interruption of descending hypothalamic fibers going to the spinal cord directly or indirectly through the reticular formation will result in Horner’s Syndrome. In the medulla these axons are in the lateral region near the anterolateral system. However, interruption at any level between the hypothalamus and superior cervical ganglion can produce a Horner’s.
Horner’s Syndrome can result from:
A. Interruption of hypothalamospinal tract in the medulla.
B. Lesion of superior cervical ganglion.
C. Thoracic spinal cord lesion.
D. Lesion of sympathetic chain in thoracic region.
E. All of the above.
All of the above
The third ventricle is surrounded by the following structures with the EXCEPTION of:
A. Anterior commissure.
B. Fornix.
C. Posterior Commissure.
D. Choroid plexus.
E. Optic tract.
Optic tract
The optic tract is lateral to the hypothalamus. You can see the anterior commissure between the columns of the fornix. As you look forward into the third ventricle, the dark front wall is the lamina terminalis.
Preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies are located in:
A. Intermediate or lateral horn (T1-L2).
B. Intermediate or lateral horn (S2-5).
C. Both A and B
D. Edinger-Westphal, salivatory and dorsal motor nucleus of X.
Intermediate or lateral horn (T1-L2).
How does the region marked by the arrow communicate with the spinal cord?
A. Hypothalamotegmental tract.
B. Hypothalamoreticular tract.
C. Reticulospinal tract.
D. Hypothalamospinal tract.
E. All of the above
All of the above.
The hypothalamohypophyseal tract
A. Contains hormones packaged as granules.
B. Results in diabetes insipidus when severed.
C. Is involved in the milk letdown reflex.
D. Transmits nerve impulses that result in hormonal release.
E. All of the above.
All of the above.
The tract runs from the nuclei, through the stalk and into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Which set of cranial nerves contains preganglionic parasympathetic axons.
A. V, VII, IX, X.
B. IV, VI, XI, XII.
C. III, VII, IX, X.
D. I, II, VII, XI.
III, VII, IX, X.
What is the tuberoinfundibular tract?
A. A tract carrying releasing hormones.
B. A tract carrying ADH and Oxytocin.
C. A tract carrying nerve impulses to the adenohypophysis.
D. A & B.
E. A, B & C.
A tract carrying releasing hormones.
The tuberoinfundibular tract originates from the tuberal nuclei in the hypothalamus. Cells in these nuclei synthesize releasing hormones The tract ends in the median eminence, where the releasing hormones gain access to the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system.
A portal system is a system of vascular drainage that communicates between arteries and veins.
A. True.
B. False.
False, A portal system is vascular drainage from one capillary plexus to another capillary plexus via veins. A vascular communication between an artery and vein is a capillary plexus.
The capillaries in the median eminence:
A. Are sealed off by tight junctions, like most capillaries in the brain.
B. Are fenestrated capillaries like the kidney.
C. Simple fenestrated capillaries.
Simple fenestrated capillaries
The capillaries of the median eminence are fenestrated, which permits the diffusion of releasing hormones across the capillary wall.
What happens to ADH and oxytocin once it reaches the posterior pituitary?
A. It is stored in the cells of the posterior pituitary gland.
B. It is stored in nerve endings until released.
C. It rapidly diffuses into the systemic circulation.
It is stored in nerve endings until released
Nerve impulses trigger the release of these hormones from the nerve terminals. In that way the amount and time of release can be carefully controlled. The arrow is on the supraoptic nucleus.
Releasing hormones have a longer half-life than do ADH and Oxytocin.
A. True.
B. False.
False. Releasing factors are rapidly degraded whereas ADH and Oxytocin remain in the circulation for several minutes.
Which of the following nuclei receive descending axons from the hypothalamus:
A. Dorsal motor nucleus of X.
B. Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
C. Inferior salivatory nucleus.
D. Nucleus solitarius.
E. All of the above.
All of the above.
Touch and pressure from the nipple reach the neurosecretory nuclei by the:
A. Dorsal column.
B. Spinoreticular pathways.
C. Solitary tract.
D. Dentatorubrothalamic tract.
E. Spinocerebellar tract.
Spinoreticular pathways.
The medial forebrain bundle (arrow) in the lateral hypothalamus:
A. Is a tract involved in coordinating eye movements.
B. Connects hypothalamus and median eminence.
C. Is a group of axons connecting the limbic system, reticular formation, and hypothalamus.
D. Connects the mammillary bodies and thalamus.
Is a group of axons connecting the limbic system, reticular formation, and hypothalamus.
This diffuse tract has axons traveling in both directions orchestrating affect and autonomic responses.
