The Humoral Response Flashcards

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1
Q

describe what is meant by a primary immune repsonse

A
  • first time the pathogen has been encountered
  • takes time for lymphocytes to create antibodies to destroy pathogens
  • symptoms occur
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2
Q

what cells are involved in this response?

A

B cells

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3
Q

briefly describe the humoral response

A
  • T helper cells stimulate B cells by producing interleukinds
  • initiates a response involving antibodies
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4
Q

describe the structure of antibodies

A
  • 4 polypeptide chains
  • globular
  • quaternary protein
  • binding sites are complimentary to antigens
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5
Q

what is the binding site?

A

a variable region where the antibody and antigen attach

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6
Q

state the 3 ways that antibodies work

A
  • agglutination
  • marking pathogens
  • anti toxins
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7
Q

what is meant by agglutination?

A
  • clumping pathogens
  • makes it easier for phagocytes to locate and engulf
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8
Q

how do antibodies mark pathogens?

A
  • acts as an opsonin
  • antibody antigen complex forms
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9
Q

how do antibodies act as anti toxins?

A
  • binds to toxins
  • prevents them entering cells and causing damage
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10
Q

stage 1 (clonal selection)

A
  • T helper cells bind to B cells with a complementary antibody
  • this is clonal selection
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11
Q

stage 2 (activation)

A

B cell is activated by the release of T cell interleukins

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12
Q

stage 3 (clonal expansion)

A
  • B cell divides rapidly by mitosis
  • differentiates into plasma or memory cells
  • this is clonal expansion
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13
Q

stage 4 (antibodies)

A
  • plasma cells produce antibodies
  • antibodies attach to pathogen antigens to destroy them
  • by agglutinaton and marking
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14
Q

stage 5 (secondary response)

A
  • B memory cells remain in blood after infection
  • rapidly produce many antibodies if reinfection occurs
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15
Q

define humoral response

A
  • humor = body fluids
  • takes part in blood plasma and tissue fluid
  • as B cells attack pathogens outside cells
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16
Q

what are B lymphocytes covered with?

A
  • antibodies
  • immunoglobins which bind to antigens