The Human Organism Flashcards
1
Q
The study of the structure and function of the
human body
A
Anatomy and Physiology
2
Q
The scientific discipline that investigates the
structure of the body; its relationship and
its functions.
A
Anatomy
3
Q
to dissect the parts of the body
for study
A
Anatomy
4
Q
2 Basic Approaches to the Study of Anatomy
A
Systemic or Systematic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
5
Q
study of the body
systems
A
Systemic or Systematic Anatomy
6
Q
study of the organization
of the body areas within each region
A
Regional Anatomy
7
Q
2 Types to Examine Internal Structures Of A Living Person
A
Surface Anatomy
Anatomical Imaging
8
Q
the study of external
features
A
Surface anatomy
9
Q
involves the use of
x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance
(MRI), etc. to create pictures of internal
structures
A
Anatomical imaging
10
Q
scientific discipline that deals with the
processes/functions of living things
A
Physiology
11
Q
Major Goals for Studying Physiology
A
1) To understand and predict the body’s
responses to stimuli
2) To understand how the body maintains
internal conditions within a narrow range of
values in the presence of continually
changing internal and external
environments
12
Q
6 Levels of the Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body
A
- Chemical Level
- Cell Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- Organ System Level
- Organism Level
13
Q
involves how atoms (e.g.,
hydrogen and carbon) interact and combine into
molecules
A
Chemical Level
14
Q
basic structural and
functional units of organisms
A
Cells
15
Q
Molecules combine to form
A
Organelles
16
Q
small
structures that make up some cells
A
Organelles
17
Q
a group of similar cells and
the materials surrounding them
A
Tissue
18
Q
composed of two or
more tissue types that together perform one or
more common functions
A
Organ
19
Q
a group
of organs classified as a unit because of a common
function or set of functions
A
Organ System
20
Q
any living thing
considered as a whole, whether composed of one
cell (bacteria) or trillions of cells (human)
A
Organism
21
Q
13 Major Organs
A
- Brain
- Lungs
- Heart
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Spleen
- Stomach
- Gallbladder
- Kidneys
- Large Intestine
- Small Intestine
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
22
Q
12 Major Body Systems
A
- Integumentary system
- Muscular system
- Skeletal system
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Female reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
23
Q
body’s outer layer and acts as a physical
barrier, the first line of defense against
bacteria and injury
A
Integumentary system
24
Q
- body’s support structure
- allows body
movements, produces blood cells, and
stores minerals and adipose tissue - consists of bones,cartilage, ligaments, joints
A
Skeletal system
25
- Produces body movements, maintains
posture, and produces body heat.
- Consists of muscles attached to the
skeleton by tendons
Muscular system
26
- A major regulatory system that detects
sensations and controls movements,
physiological processes, and intellectual
functions.
- Consists of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors
Nervous system
27
- A major regulatory system that influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction, and
many other functions.
- Consists of endocrine glands
Endocrine system
28
- Transports nutrients, waste products, gases,
and hormones throughout the body; plays a
role in the immune response and the
regulation of body temperature.
- Consists of the heart, blood vessels,
and blood
Cardiovascular system
29
- Removes foreign substances from the blood
and lymph, combats disease, maintains
tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats
from the digestive tract.
- Consists of the lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs
Lymphatic system
30
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the blood and air and regulates
blood pH
- lungs and respiratory passage
Respiratory System
31
- Performs the mechanical and chemical
processes of digestion, absorption of
nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
- Consists of the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines, and accessory organs
Digestive System
32
- Removes waste products from the blood
and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and
water balance.
- Consists of the kidneys, urinary
bladder, and ureters
Urinary system
33
- Produces oocytes
- site of
fertilization and fetal development
- produces
hormones that influence sexual function
and behaviors
- Consists of the ovaries, uterine
tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and
associated structures
Female reproductive system
34
- Produces and transfers sperm cells to the
female and produces hormones that
influence sexual functions and behaviors.
- Consists of the testes, accessory
structures, ducts, and penis
Male Reproductive System
35
6 characteristics of life
1. Organization
2. Metabolism
3. Responsiveness
4. Growth
5. Development
6. Reproduction
36
The specific
relationship of the many individual parts of
an organism, interacting and working
together
Organization
37
ability to use energy and
perform vital functions
Metabolism
38
ability of an organism to
sense changes in the environment and
make adjustments that help maintain its
life
Responsiveness
39
an increase in size of all
or part of the organism
Growth
40
changes an organism
undergoes through time (involves growth and differentiation)
Development
41
change in cell
structure and function from generalized to specialized
Differentiation
42
formation of new cells or
new organisms
Reproduction
43
- the maintenance of a variable,
such as body temperature, around an ideal normal
value, or set point
- constant internal environment
Homeostasis
44
2 Feedback Mechanisms of Homeostasis
1. Negative Feedback Mechanism
2. Positive Feedback Mechanisms
45
when
any deviation from the set point is made
smaller or is resisted
Negative Feedback Mechanism
46
Examples of Negative Feedback Mechanism
Thermoregulation and blood glucose regulation
47
3 Components of Negative Feedback Mechanism
1. Receptors
2. Control Center
3. Effector
48
monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli
Receptors
49
receives input from the receptor about the
variable, analyzes the information it
receives and sends a message to the
effector about its course of action (e.g., brain)
Control Center
50
glands which receive
the message from the control center and
produce the response which reestablishes
homeostasis
Effector
51
Heat can be gained through __________, ____________, and _________.
Heat can be lost through _________.
• movement, exercise, shivering
• sweating
52
most disease can be regarded as being the result of its disturbance, a condition called
homeostatic imbalance
53
- occur when
the initial stimulus further stimulates the
response
- deviation from normal are even made greater
Positive Feedback Mechanism
54
Mechanism that intentionally brings the internal
environment even further away from a state of
balance
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
55
Examples of Positive Feedback Mechanisms
• produce proteins that contribute to the formation of tumors
• when giving birth
56
when a person
stands upright with the face directed
forward, arms hanging to the side, and the
palms facing forward
Anatomical Position
57
when a person is lying
face upward
Supine Position
58
when a person is lying
face downward
Prone Position
59
refer to the
anatomical position, regardless of the
body’s actual position
Directional Terms
60
above or up
Superior
61
below or down
Inferior
62
Front
Anterior
63
Back
Posterior
64
Ventral means
Belly
65
Ventral surface is also called the
Anterior surface
66
Dorsal means
Back
67
Dorsal surface is also called
Posterior surface
68
Nearest
Proximal
69
Distant
Distal
70
Toward the Midline
Medial
71
Away from the midline
Lateral
72
Toward the surface
Superficial
73
Away from the surface
Deep
74
consists of the head, neck, and trunk
Central Region
75
Trunk can be divided into the
• thorax (chest)
• abdomen (belly)
• pelvis (hip)
76
divided into the arm,
forearm, wrist, and hand
Upper Limb
77
it extends from the shoulder to the elbow
arm
78
extends from the elbow to the
wrist
Forearm
79
divided into the thigh, leg,
ankle, and foot
Lower Limb
80
extends from the
hip to the knee
Thigh
81
extends from
the knee to the ankle
Leg
82
often divided into four sections or quadrants
Abdomen
83
4 Quadrants
Right-upper
Left-upper
Right-lower
Left-lower
84
9 Regions of the Abdomen
Epigastric
Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Umbilical
Right lumbar
Left lumbar
Hypogastric
Right iliac
Left iliac
85
quadrants or regions can be used as
reference points
86
6 Body Planes
Sagittal plane
Median plane
Transverse plane or horizontal plane
Frontal plane
Longitudinal section
Transverse section or cross section
87
runs vertically through the
body and separates it into right and left
parts
Sagittal Plane
88
a sagittal plane that
passes through the midline of the body,
dividing it into equal right and left halves
Median Plane
89
runs parallel to the surface of the ground,
dividing the body into superior and inferior
parts
Transverse plane or horizontal plane
90
runs
vertically from right to left and divides the
body into anterior and posterior parts
Reveals internal structure
Frontal plane or coronal plane
91
cut along the length of the organ
Longitudinal section
92
cuts
completely through an organ
Transverse section or cross section
93
a fluid-filled space inside
the body that holds and protects internal
organs
Body Cavities
94
contains three large cavities
that do not open to the outside of the
body
Trunk
95
3 Large Cavities of the Trunk
thoracic cavity
the abdominal
cavity
the pelvic cavity
96
surrounded by the rib cage
and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the
muscular diaphragm
Thoracic Cavity
97
bounded primarily by the
abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, the
intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and
the kidneys
Abdominal Cavity
98
is a small space enclosed by the
bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary
bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal
reproductive organs
Pelvic Cavity
99
cavities that are not physically separated
Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities (aka abdominopelvic cavity)
100
a thin membrane that lines the internal
body cavities and organs
Serous Membranes
101
outer
membranes lining a body cavity
Parietal Serous Membranes
102
inner membranes lining a body cavity
Visceral Serous Membranes
103
The thoracic cavity contains three serous
membrane-lined cavities
a pericardial cavity and
two pleural cavities
104
a space between the visceral and
parietal pleura containing serous fluid
Pleural Cavity
105
abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous
membrane-lined cavity called
Peritoneal Cavity
106
inflammation of the
pericardium
Pericarditis
107
inflammation of the
pleura
Pleurisy
108
inflammation of
the peritoneum
Peritonitis
109
- consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together
- anchor the organs to the
body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and
blood vessels to reach the organs
Mesenteries
