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ANAPHY > The Human Organism > Flashcards

The Human Organism Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the structure and function of the
human body

A

Anatomy and Physiology

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2
Q

The scientific discipline that investigates the
structure of the body; its relationship and
its functions.

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

to dissect the parts of the body
for study

A

Anatomy

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4
Q

2 Basic Approaches to the Study of Anatomy

A

Systemic or Systematic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy

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5
Q

study of the body
systems

A

Systemic or Systematic Anatomy

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6
Q

study of the organization
of the body areas within each region

A

Regional Anatomy

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7
Q

2 Types to Examine Internal Structures Of A Living Person

A

Surface Anatomy
Anatomical Imaging

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8
Q

the study of external
features

A

Surface anatomy

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9
Q

involves the use of
x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance
(MRI), etc. to create pictures of internal
structures

A

Anatomical imaging

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10
Q

scientific discipline that deals with the
processes/functions of living things

A

Physiology

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11
Q

Major Goals for Studying Physiology

A

1) To understand and predict the body’s
responses to stimuli
2) To understand how the body maintains
internal conditions within a narrow range of
values in the presence of continually
changing internal and external
environments

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12
Q

6 Levels of the Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body

A
  1. Chemical Level
  2. Cell Level
  3. Tissue Level
  4. Organ Level
  5. Organ System Level
  6. Organism Level
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13
Q

involves how atoms (e.g.,
hydrogen and carbon) interact and combine into
molecules

A

Chemical Level

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14
Q

basic structural and
functional units of organisms

A

Cells

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15
Q

Molecules combine to form

A

Organelles

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16
Q

small
structures that make up some cells

A

Organelles

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17
Q

a group of similar cells and
the materials surrounding them

A

Tissue

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18
Q

composed of two or
more tissue types that together perform one or
more common functions

A

Organ

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19
Q

a group
of organs classified as a unit because of a common
function or set of functions

A

Organ System

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20
Q

any living thing
considered as a whole, whether composed of one
cell (bacteria) or trillions of cells (human)

A

Organism

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21
Q

13 Major Organs

A
  1. Brain
  2. Lungs
  3. Heart
  4. Liver
  5. Pancreas
  6. Spleen
  7. Stomach
  8. Gallbladder
  9. Kidneys
  10. Large Intestine
  11. Small Intestine
  12. Urinary Bladder
  13. Urethra
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22
Q

12 Major Body Systems

A
  1. Integumentary system
  2. Muscular system
  3. Skeletal system
  4. Nervous system
  5. Endocrine system
  6. Cardiovascular system
  7. Lymphatic system
  8. Respiratory system
  9. Digestive system
  10. Urinary system
  11. Female reproductive system
  12. Male reproductive system
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23
Q

body’s outer layer and acts as a physical
barrier, the first line of defense against
bacteria and injury

A

Integumentary system

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24
Q
  • body’s support structure
  • allows body
    movements, produces blood cells, and
    stores minerals and adipose tissue
  • consists of bones,cartilage, ligaments, joints
A

Skeletal system

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25
Q
  • Produces body movements, maintains
    posture, and produces body heat.
  • Consists of muscles attached to the
    skeleton by tendons
A

Muscular system

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26
Q
  • A major regulatory system that detects
    sensations and controls movements,
    physiological processes, and intellectual
    functions.
  • Consists of the brain, spinal cord,
    nerves, and sensory receptors
A

Nervous system

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27
Q
  • A major regulatory system that influences
    metabolism, growth, reproduction, and
    many other functions.
  • Consists of endocrine glands
A

Endocrine system

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28
Q
  • Transports nutrients, waste products, gases,
    and hormones throughout the body; plays a
    role in the immune response and the
    regulation of body temperature.
  • Consists of the heart, blood vessels,
    and blood
A

Cardiovascular system

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29
Q
  • Removes foreign substances from the blood
    and lymph, combats disease, maintains
    tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats
    from the digestive tract.
  • Consists of the lymphatic vessels,
    lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs
A

Lymphatic system

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30
Q
  • Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
    between the blood and air and regulates
    blood pH
  • lungs and respiratory passage
A

Respiratory System

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31
Q
  • Performs the mechanical and chemical
    processes of digestion, absorption of
    nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
  • Consists of the mouth, esophagus,
    stomach, intestines, and accessory organs
A

Digestive System

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32
Q
  • Removes waste products from the blood
    and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and
    water balance.
  • Consists of the kidneys, urinary
    bladder, and ureters
A

Urinary system

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33
Q
  • Produces oocytes
  • site of
    fertilization and fetal development
  • produces
    hormones that influence sexual function
    and behaviors
  • Consists of the ovaries, uterine
    tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and
    associated structures
A

Female reproductive system

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34
Q
  • Produces and transfers sperm cells to the
    female and produces hormones that
    influence sexual functions and behaviors.
  • Consists of the testes, accessory
    structures, ducts, and penis
A

Male Reproductive System

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35
Q

6 characteristics of life

A
  1. Organization
  2. Metabolism
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Growth
  5. Development
  6. Reproduction
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36
Q

The specific
relationship of the many individual parts of
an organism, interacting and working
together

A

Organization

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37
Q

ability to use energy and
perform vital functions

A

Metabolism

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38
Q

ability of an organism to
sense changes in the environment and
make adjustments that help maintain its
life

A

Responsiveness

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39
Q

an increase in size of all
or part of the organism

A

Growth

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40
Q

changes an organism
undergoes through time (involves growth and differentiation)

A

Development

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41
Q

change in cell
structure and function from generalized to specialized

A

Differentiation

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42
Q

formation of new cells or
new organisms

A

Reproduction

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43
Q
  • the maintenance of a variable,
    such as body temperature, around an ideal normal
    value, or set point
  • constant internal environment
A

Homeostasis

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44
Q

2 Feedback Mechanisms of Homeostasis

A
  1. Negative Feedback Mechanism
  2. Positive Feedback Mechanisms
45
Q

when
any deviation from the set point is made
smaller or is resisted

A

Negative Feedback Mechanism

46
Q

Examples of Negative Feedback Mechanism

A

Thermoregulation and blood glucose regulation

47
Q

3 Components of Negative Feedback Mechanism

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Control Center
  3. Effector
48
Q

monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli

A

Receptors

49
Q

receives input from the receptor about the
variable, analyzes the information it
receives and sends a message to the
effector about its course of action (e.g., brain)

A

Control Center

50
Q

glands which receive
the message from the control center and
produce the response which reestablishes
homeostasis

A

Effector

51
Q

Heat can be gained through __________, ____________, and _________.
Heat can be lost through _________.

A

• movement, exercise, shivering
• sweating

52
Q

most disease can be regarded as being the result of its disturbance, a condition called

A

homeostatic imbalance

53
Q
  • occur when
    the initial stimulus further stimulates the
    response
  • deviation from normal are even made greater
A

Positive Feedback Mechanism

54
Q

Mechanism that intentionally brings the internal
environment even further away from a state of
balance

A

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

55
Q

Examples of Positive Feedback Mechanisms

A

• produce proteins that contribute to the formation of tumors
• when giving birth

56
Q

when a person
stands upright with the face directed
forward, arms hanging to the side, and the
palms facing forward

A

Anatomical Position

57
Q

when a person is lying
face upward

A

Supine Position

58
Q

when a person is lying
face downward

A

Prone Position

59
Q

refer to the
anatomical position, regardless of the
body’s actual position

A

Directional Terms

60
Q

above or up

A

Superior

61
Q

below or down

A

Inferior

62
Q

Front

A

Anterior

63
Q

Back

A

Posterior

64
Q

Ventral means

A

Belly

65
Q

Ventral surface is also called the

A

Anterior surface

66
Q

Dorsal means

A

Back

67
Q

Dorsal surface is also called

A

Posterior surface

68
Q

Nearest

A

Proximal

69
Q

Distant

A

Distal

70
Q

Toward the Midline

A

Medial

71
Q

Away from the midline

A

Lateral

72
Q

Toward the surface

A

Superficial

73
Q

Away from the surface

A

Deep

74
Q

consists of the head, neck, and trunk

A

Central Region

75
Q

Trunk can be divided into the

A

• thorax (chest)
• abdomen (belly)
• pelvis (hip)

76
Q

divided into the arm,
forearm, wrist, and hand

A

Upper Limb

77
Q

it extends from the shoulder to the elbow

A

arm

78
Q

extends from the elbow to the
wrist

A

Forearm

79
Q

divided into the thigh, leg,
ankle, and foot

A

Lower Limb

80
Q

extends from the
hip to the knee

A

Thigh

81
Q

extends from
the knee to the ankle

A

Leg

82
Q

often divided into four sections or quadrants

A

Abdomen

83
Q

4 Quadrants

A

Right-upper
Left-upper
Right-lower
Left-lower

84
Q

9 Regions of the Abdomen

A

Epigastric
Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Umbilical
Right lumbar
Left lumbar
Hypogastric
Right iliac
Left iliac

85
Q

quadrants or regions can be used as

A

reference points

86
Q

6 Body Planes

A

Sagittal plane
Median plane
Transverse plane or horizontal plane
Frontal plane
Longitudinal section
Transverse section or cross section

87
Q

runs vertically through the
body and separates it into right and left
parts

A

Sagittal Plane

88
Q

a sagittal plane that
passes through the midline of the body,
dividing it into equal right and left halves

A

Median Plane

89
Q

runs parallel to the surface of the ground,
dividing the body into superior and inferior
parts

A

Transverse plane or horizontal plane

90
Q

runs
vertically from right to left and divides the
body into anterior and posterior parts
Reveals internal structure

A

Frontal plane or coronal plane

91
Q

cut along the length of the organ

A

Longitudinal section

92
Q

cuts
completely through an organ

A

Transverse section or cross section

93
Q

a fluid-filled space inside
the body that holds and protects internal
organs

A

Body Cavities

94
Q

contains three large cavities
that do not open to the outside of the
body

A

Trunk

95
Q

3 Large Cavities of the Trunk

A

thoracic cavity
the abdominal
cavity
the pelvic cavity

96
Q

surrounded by the rib cage
and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the
muscular diaphragm

A

Thoracic Cavity

97
Q

bounded primarily by the
abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, the
intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and
the kidneys

A

Abdominal Cavity

98
Q

is a small space enclosed by the
bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary
bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal
reproductive organs

A

Pelvic Cavity

99
Q

cavities that are not physically separated

A

Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities (aka abdominopelvic cavity)

100
Q

a thin membrane that lines the internal
body cavities and organs

A

Serous Membranes

101
Q

outer
membranes lining a body cavity

A

Parietal Serous Membranes

102
Q

inner membranes lining a body cavity

A

Visceral Serous Membranes

103
Q

The thoracic cavity contains three serous
membrane-lined cavities

A

a pericardial cavity and
two pleural cavities

104
Q

a space between the visceral and
parietal pleura containing serous fluid

A

Pleural Cavity

105
Q

abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous
membrane-lined cavity called

A

Peritoneal Cavity

106
Q

inflammation of the
pericardium

A

Pericarditis

107
Q

inflammation of the
pleura

A

Pleurisy

108
Q

inflammation of
the peritoneum

A

Peritonitis

109
Q
  • consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together
  • anchor the organs to the
    body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and
    blood vessels to reach the organs
A

Mesenteries

ANAPHY (10 decks)

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