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ANAPHY > Chemical Basis Of Life > Flashcards

Chemical Basis Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Science dealing with the atomic composition of
substances and the reaction they undergo

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

anything that occupies space and has mass

A

Matter

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3
Q

amount of matter of an object

A

Mass

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4
Q

international unit of mass

A

kilogram (Kg)

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5
Q

gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass

A

Weight

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6
Q

Not constant, changing from place to place

A

Weight

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7
Q

constant

A

mass

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8
Q

Smallest type of matter having unique chemical properties

A

Element

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9
Q

Smallest particle on an element; Indivisible

A

Atom

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10
Q

to be an ______, it can only have ______ type of atom

A

element
one

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11
Q

an element is often represented by a

A

symbol

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12
Q

atoms are composed of

A

subatomic particles

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13
Q

3 Major Types of Subatomic Particles

A

Neutron, Proton, Electron

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14
Q

has no electric charge

A

Neutron

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15
Q

Has one positive charge

A

Proton

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16
Q

Has one negative charge

A

Electron

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17
Q

tendency of particles to be attracted to each other or repulsed from each other.

A

Electrical Charge

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18
Q

2 Types of Electrical Charge

A

Positive
Negative

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19
Q

the number of protons in each atom

A

Atomic Number

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20
Q

the quantity of matter contained in an atom of an element (# of protons + # of neutrons)

A

Atomic Mass

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21
Q

Common Elements in the Human Body

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Sodium, Phosphorus, Chlorine, Potassium, Calcium, Iron, Iodine

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22
Q

the interaction between atoms to form
molecules by either sharing or transferring
their outermost electrons

A

Chemical Bonds

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23
Q

the outside part of an atom around
the atomic nucleus

A

Electron Shells

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24
Q

outermost shell

A

Valence Shell

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25
Q

if an atom’s valence shell is not at its
maximum, it will form bonds with other
atoms to achieve a full valence shell.

A

Octet

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26
Q

tendency of atoms to combine with
other atoms until each has 8 electrons

A

Octet Rule

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27
Q

ability of the atom’s nucleus to pull electrons toward it

A

Electronegativity

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28
Q

2 Major Types of Chemical Bonds

A

Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond

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29
Q

forms when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating
oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic Bond

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30
Q

forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

A

Covalent Bond

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31
Q

sharing of one pair of electrons by two atoms results in

A

Single Covalent Bond

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32
Q

results when two atoms share two pairs of electrons

A

Double Covalent Bond

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33
Q

Electrons can be shared unequally in _____ bond

A

Covalent

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34
Q

an unequal, asymmetrical sharing of electrons

A

Polar Covalent Bond

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35
Q

molecules that are electrically asymmetric

A

Polar Molecules

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36
Q

there is an equal sharing of electrons between atoms; electronegativities are the same

A

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

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37
Q

Molecules that are Electrically Symmetric

A

Nonpolar molecules

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38
Q

interaction involving a hydrogen
atom located between a pair of
other atoms having a high affinity
for electrons

A

Hydrogen Bond

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39
Q

Weakest bond

A

Hydrogen bond

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40
Q

formed when two or more atoms chemically combine
to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit

A

Molecules

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41
Q

substance resulting from the
chemical combination of two or more different types of atoms

A

Compounds

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42
Q

molecules, sharing of compounds are in distinct units

A

Covalent Compounds

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43
Q

not molecules, did not consist of distinct units

A

Ionic compounds

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44
Q

sodium chloride is a molecule or a compound?

A

A compound, not a molecule
Ionic bond

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45
Q

C6H12O6

A

Glucose

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46
Q

Molecules and compounds can be represented by the ________ of
the atoms forming the molecule or compound plus ________
denoting the quantity of each type of atom present.

A

symbols
subscripts

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47
Q

when molecules separate or split into other things

A

Dissociation

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48
Q

dissociated ions

A

Electrolytes

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49
Q

have the capacity to conduct an
electrical current

A

Electrolytes

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50
Q

the flow of charged particles

A

Electrical current

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51
Q

a recording of electrical
currents produced by the heart.

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

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52
Q

formation or
breaking of chemical bonds between
atoms, ions, molecules, are
compounds

A

Chemical Reaction

53
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

Synthesis
Decomposition
Exchange
Reversible

54
Q

when 2 or more reactants combine to form a larger, more complex product

A

Synthesis Reaction

55
Q

all synthesis reactions that occur in the body are

A

anabolism

56
Q

A t B -> AB

A

Synthesis Reactions

57
Q

Synthesis reaction where water is also a product

A

Dehydration reactions

58
Q

Reactants are broken down into smaller, less
complex products

A

Decomposition Reaction

59
Q

AB —> A + B

A

Decomposition Reaction

60
Q

decomposition reactions that occur in the body

A

catabolism

61
Q

Reactions that use water

A

Hydrolysis reactions

62
Q

a combination of a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction

A

Exchange Reactions

63
Q

AB + CD —> AC + BD

A

Exchange Reactions

64
Q

reaction can run in the opposite direction, so that the products are converted back to the original reactants

A

Reversible Reactions

65
Q

When the rate of product formation is equal to the rate of
reactant formation, the reaction is said to be at

A

equilibrium

66
Q

capacity to do work

A

Energy

67
Q

stored energy; currently not doing work

A

Potential Energy

68
Q

energy caused by movement of an object and actually does
work

A

Kinetic Energy

69
Q

a form of potential energy
stored in chemical bonds

A

Chemical Energy

70
Q

a form of potential energy
because of the charges and positions of the
subatomic particles bound together

A

Chemical Bonding

71
Q

energy resulting from the
position or movement of objects

A

Mechanical Energy

72
Q

rate at which a reaction proceeds is influenced by several
factors

A

Reactants
Concentration
Temperature
Catalysts

73
Q

Reactants differ from one another in their ability to

A

undergo chemical reactions

74
Q

The greater the ______ of the reactants, the greater the rate at
which a chemical reaction will occur

A

concentration

75
Q

the rate of chemical reactions is partially dependent on _______

A

temperature

76
Q

A ________ increases the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Catalyst

77
Q

a proton donor, positively charged

A

Acids

78
Q

a proton acceptor, negatively charged

A

Bases

79
Q

a measure of the H+ concentration of a solution

A

pH scale

80
Q

the pH scale ranges from

A

0 to 14

81
Q

pH of 7.0
an equal number of H+ and OH−

A

Neutral Solution

82
Q

pH less than 7.0
a greater concentration of H+ than of OH−

A

Acidic Solution

83
Q

pH greater than 7.0
fewer H+ than OH−

A

Basic/Alkaline Solution

84
Q

blood pH drops below 7.35

A

acidosis

85
Q

In acidosis, the nervous system becomes _______ and the individual becomes ______ and probably ________.

A

depressed
disoriented
comatose

86
Q

blood pH rises above 7.45

A

alkalosis

87
Q

In alkalosis, the nervous system becomes _______ and the individual becomes ______ and have ________.

A

overexcitable
extremely nervous
convulsions

88
Q

a compound consisting of a positive ion other than
H+ and a negative ion other than OH−.Salts are formed
by the reaction of an acid and a base

A

Salts

89
Q

a chemical that resists changes in pH when either an
acid or a base is added to a solution

A

Buffer

90
Q

deals with those
substances that do not contain carbon

A

Inorganic Chemistry

91
Q

CO2 and CO are examples of _______ chemistry

A

inorganic

92
Q

study of carbon-containing substances

A

Organic Chemistry

93
Q

Two oxygen atoms
bound by a double
covalent bond

A

Oxygen (O2)

94
Q

Without O2 to accept the H+ and electrons, the ______
and the ___________ cannot function.

A

citric acid cycle
electron-transport chain

95
Q

One carbon atom bound to
two oxygen atoms by a
double covalent bond

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

96
Q

A metabolic by-product,
exhaled during respiration

A

CO2

97
Q

Becomes toxic when
accumulated in the cells

A

CO2

98
Q

consists of one atom of
oxygen joined by polar
covalent bonds to two atoms
of hydrogen

A

Water (H2O)

99
Q

4 Properties of Water

A
  1. Stabilizing body temperature
  2. Providing Protection
  3. Facilitating chemical reactions
  4. Transporting substances
100
Q

4 Organic Chemistry

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
101
Q

most abundant organic compound in
the biosphere

A

Carbohydrates

102
Q

consists of CHO
serves as a major source of energy
and structural components for
living organisms

A

Carbohydrates

103
Q

3 Classes of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

104
Q

3 Types of Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

105
Q

3 Exampls of Disaccharides

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

106
Q

Examples of Polysaccharides

A

Starch (Amylose, Amylopectin)
Cellulose
Glycogen

107
Q

a long, unbranched, chain
of glucose subunits

A

Amylose

108
Q

has a branched structure

A

Amylopectin

109
Q

the storage form of
carbohydrate in animals

A

Glycogen

110
Q

an important structural molecule
in plants, and provides fiber
that we need in our diets

A

Cellulose

111
Q

composed of C,H,O (others: N, P)
examples are Fats, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids

A

Lipids

112
Q

important energy-
storage molecules
pad and insulate
the body

A

Fats

113
Q

Building blocks of fat

A

Glycerol
Fatty Acids

114
Q

Types of Fat

A

Saturated
Unsaturated (Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated)
Transfat

115
Q

Healthiest type of Fat

A

Unsaturated

116
Q

our cell membrane
made of / structural
component (phosphate head - hydrophilic; hydrophobic tail)

A

Phospholipid

117
Q

group of important
chemicals derived
from fatty acids
made in most cells
and important in
regulatory molecules
role is into the
response of tissues to
injuries

A

Eicosanoids

118
Q

composed of carbon
atoms bound together into
four ringlike structures
e.g., progesterone, estrogen, testosterone

A

Steroids

119
Q

contains CHON (Most have sulfur)

A

Proteins

120
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

121
Q

There are ____ types of basic amino acids where __ are synthesized while ___ are obtained in the diet

A

20
12
8

122
Q

6 Functions of Proteins

A

growth and maintenance
causes biochemical reactions
acts as messenger (enzymes)
provides structure
immunity / defense
transport of nutrients

123
Q

protein catalyst that increases the rate at which a
chemical reaction proceeds

A

Enzymes

124
Q

large molecules composed of CHONP
DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acids

125
Q

building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotide

126
Q

DNA is composed of

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine

127
Q

RNA is composed of

A

adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanina

128
Q

the energy currency of cells, capable of both storing and providing energy

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

ANAPHY (10 decks)

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