Chemical Basis Of Life Flashcards
Science dealing with the atomic composition of
substances and the reaction they undergo
Chemistry
anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter
amount of matter of an object
Mass
international unit of mass
kilogram (Kg)
gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass
Weight
Not constant, changing from place to place
Weight
constant
mass
Smallest type of matter having unique chemical properties
Element
Smallest particle on an element; Indivisible
Atom
to be an ______, it can only have ______ type of atom
element
one
an element is often represented by a
symbol
atoms are composed of
subatomic particles
3 Major Types of Subatomic Particles
Neutron, Proton, Electron
has no electric charge
Neutron
Has one positive charge
Proton
Has one negative charge
Electron
tendency of particles to be attracted to each other or repulsed from each other.
Electrical Charge
2 Types of Electrical Charge
Positive
Negative
the number of protons in each atom
Atomic Number
the quantity of matter contained in an atom of an element (# of protons + # of neutrons)
Atomic Mass
Common Elements in the Human Body
Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Sodium, Phosphorus, Chlorine, Potassium, Calcium, Iron, Iodine
the interaction between atoms to form
molecules by either sharing or transferring
their outermost electrons
Chemical Bonds
the outside part of an atom around
the atomic nucleus
Electron Shells
outermost shell
Valence Shell
if an atom’s valence shell is not at its
maximum, it will form bonds with other
atoms to achieve a full valence shell.
Octet
tendency of atoms to combine with
other atoms until each has 8 electrons
Octet Rule
ability of the atom’s nucleus to pull electrons toward it
Electronegativity
2 Major Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
forms when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating
oppositely charged ions
Ionic Bond
forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Covalent Bond
sharing of one pair of electrons by two atoms results in
Single Covalent Bond
results when two atoms share two pairs of electrons
Double Covalent Bond
Electrons can be shared unequally in _____ bond
Covalent
an unequal, asymmetrical sharing of electrons
Polar Covalent Bond
molecules that are electrically asymmetric
Polar Molecules
there is an equal sharing of electrons between atoms; electronegativities are the same
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
Molecules that are Electrically Symmetric
Nonpolar molecules
interaction involving a hydrogen
atom located between a pair of
other atoms having a high affinity
for electrons
Hydrogen Bond
Weakest bond
Hydrogen bond
formed when two or more atoms chemically combine
to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit
Molecules
substance resulting from the
chemical combination of two or more different types of atoms
Compounds
molecules, sharing of compounds are in distinct units
Covalent Compounds
not molecules, did not consist of distinct units
Ionic compounds
sodium chloride is a molecule or a compound?
A compound, not a molecule
Ionic bond
C6H12O6
Glucose
Molecules and compounds can be represented by the ________ of
the atoms forming the molecule or compound plus ________
denoting the quantity of each type of atom present.
symbols
subscripts
when molecules separate or split into other things
Dissociation
dissociated ions
Electrolytes
have the capacity to conduct an
electrical current
Electrolytes
the flow of charged particles
Electrical current
a recording of electrical
currents produced by the heart.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
formation or
breaking of chemical bonds between
atoms, ions, molecules, are
compounds
Chemical Reaction
Chemical Reactions
Synthesis
Decomposition
Exchange
Reversible
when 2 or more reactants combine to form a larger, more complex product
Synthesis Reaction
all synthesis reactions that occur in the body are
anabolism
A t B -> AB
Synthesis Reactions
Synthesis reaction where water is also a product
Dehydration reactions
Reactants are broken down into smaller, less
complex products
Decomposition Reaction
AB —> A + B
Decomposition Reaction
decomposition reactions that occur in the body
catabolism
Reactions that use water
Hydrolysis reactions
a combination of a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction
Exchange Reactions
AB + CD —> AC + BD
Exchange Reactions
reaction can run in the opposite direction, so that the products are converted back to the original reactants
Reversible Reactions
When the rate of product formation is equal to the rate of
reactant formation, the reaction is said to be at
equilibrium
capacity to do work
Energy
stored energy; currently not doing work
Potential Energy
energy caused by movement of an object and actually does
work
Kinetic Energy
a form of potential energy
stored in chemical bonds
Chemical Energy
a form of potential energy
because of the charges and positions of the
subatomic particles bound together
Chemical Bonding
energy resulting from the
position or movement of objects
Mechanical Energy
rate at which a reaction proceeds is influenced by several
factors
Reactants
Concentration
Temperature
Catalysts
Reactants differ from one another in their ability to
undergo chemical reactions
The greater the ______ of the reactants, the greater the rate at
which a chemical reaction will occur
concentration
the rate of chemical reactions is partially dependent on _______
temperature
A ________ increases the rate of a chemical reaction
Catalyst
a proton donor, positively charged
Acids
a proton acceptor, negatively charged
Bases
a measure of the H+ concentration of a solution
pH scale
the pH scale ranges from
0 to 14
pH of 7.0
an equal number of H+ and OH−
Neutral Solution
pH less than 7.0
a greater concentration of H+ than of OH−
Acidic Solution
pH greater than 7.0
fewer H+ than OH−
Basic/Alkaline Solution
blood pH drops below 7.35
acidosis
In acidosis, the nervous system becomes _______ and the individual becomes ______ and probably ________.
depressed
disoriented
comatose
blood pH rises above 7.45
alkalosis
In alkalosis, the nervous system becomes _______ and the individual becomes ______ and have ________.
overexcitable
extremely nervous
convulsions
a compound consisting of a positive ion other than
H+ and a negative ion other than OH−.Salts are formed
by the reaction of an acid and a base
Salts
a chemical that resists changes in pH when either an
acid or a base is added to a solution
Buffer
deals with those
substances that do not contain carbon
Inorganic Chemistry
CO2 and CO are examples of _______ chemistry
inorganic
study of carbon-containing substances
Organic Chemistry
Two oxygen atoms
bound by a double
covalent bond
Oxygen (O2)
Without O2 to accept the H+ and electrons, the ______
and the ___________ cannot function.
citric acid cycle
electron-transport chain
One carbon atom bound to
two oxygen atoms by a
double covalent bond
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
A metabolic by-product,
exhaled during respiration
CO2
Becomes toxic when
accumulated in the cells
CO2
consists of one atom of
oxygen joined by polar
covalent bonds to two atoms
of hydrogen
Water (H2O)
4 Properties of Water
- Stabilizing body temperature
- Providing Protection
- Facilitating chemical reactions
- Transporting substances
4 Organic Chemistry
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
most abundant organic compound in
the biosphere
Carbohydrates
consists of CHO
serves as a major source of energy
and structural components for
living organisms
Carbohydrates
3 Classes of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
3 Types of Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
3 Exampls of Disaccharides
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Examples of Polysaccharides
Starch (Amylose, Amylopectin)
Cellulose
Glycogen
a long, unbranched, chain
of glucose subunits
Amylose
has a branched structure
Amylopectin
the storage form of
carbohydrate in animals
Glycogen
an important structural molecule
in plants, and provides fiber
that we need in our diets
Cellulose
composed of C,H,O (others: N, P)
examples are Fats, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids
Lipids
important energy-
storage molecules
pad and insulate
the body
Fats
Building blocks of fat
Glycerol
Fatty Acids
Types of Fat
Saturated
Unsaturated (Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated)
Transfat
Healthiest type of Fat
Unsaturated
our cell membrane
made of / structural
component (phosphate head - hydrophilic; hydrophobic tail)
Phospholipid
group of important
chemicals derived
from fatty acids
made in most cells
and important in
regulatory molecules
role is into the
response of tissues to
injuries
Eicosanoids
composed of carbon
atoms bound together into
four ringlike structures
e.g., progesterone, estrogen, testosterone
Steroids
contains CHON (Most have sulfur)
Proteins
Building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
There are ____ types of basic amino acids where __ are synthesized while ___ are obtained in the diet
20
12
8
6 Functions of Proteins
growth and maintenance
causes biochemical reactions
acts as messenger (enzymes)
provides structure
immunity / defense
transport of nutrients
protein catalyst that increases the rate at which a
chemical reaction proceeds
Enzymes
large molecules composed of CHONP
DNA and RNA
nucleic acids
building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotide
DNA is composed of
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine
RNA is composed of
adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanina
the energy currency of cells, capable of both storing and providing energy
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
