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ATPL Human Factors > The Human Condition > Flashcards

The Human Condition Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of aviation accidents are now caused by pilot error?

A

More than 80%

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2
Q

What accidents do low-hour pilots feature more in?

A
  • Handling errors
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3
Q

What is BMI?

A

Body Mass Index

- Relates weight to height by means of a formula

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4
Q

What is the BMI formula?

A

BMI= Weight in kgs/ Height in metres squared

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5
Q

If your BMI is above 25, you are considered to be….

A

Overweight

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6
Q

If your BMI is above 30, you are considered to be…

A

Obese

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7
Q

What is your body weight a result of?

A

The ratio of food intake to energy expenditure

i.e. Think calories in vs energy out

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8
Q

How can one reduce their weight?

A
  • Reduce calories
    or
  • Increase energy expenditure
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9
Q

What 7 rules does the National heart foundation recommend?

A
  1. Reduce fat
  2. Reduce salt
  3. Reduce sugar
  4. Eat more fruit and vegetables
  5. Eat a wide variety of foods
  6. Eat proper meals at regular intervals
  7. Excercise more regularly
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10
Q

What does too much salt result in?

A
  • High blood pressure

- Heart problems

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11
Q

What exercise is recommended?

A
  • 20 minutes of brisk walking 2-3 times a week

- Double your heart rate for 30 minutes 3x per week

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12
Q

What is the maximum heart rate calculation?

A

Maximum heart rate is 220bpm- age in years

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13
Q

What is the pinch test?

A
  • Pinch yourself above the hip

- The skin you hold should be no more than 12mm thick

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14
Q

If in the pinch test you have more than 20mm of skin what should you consider doing?

A

Improving your fitness level

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15
Q

What are many diseases related to?

A

Diet

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16
Q

What is gout?

A
  • Leads to arthritic pain

- Caused by an imbalance in uric acid in the body and can be aggravated by poor diet and high alcohol intake

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17
Q

Every day what is the approx. amount of blood the heart pumps?

A

7600 litres

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18
Q

What is high blood pressure linked to?

A

Heart disease

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19
Q

What is the leading cause of pilot incapacitation in flight?

A

Gastro-intestinal upsets caused by bacteria contamination of food and drink

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20
Q

What foods should you avoid to prevent stomach upset?

A
  • Pre-prepared hot foods that are kept for long periods
  • Seafood especially oysters and shellfish
  • Creamy pastries, cakes, custards, or creamy sauce
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21
Q

What foods should you choose to prevent stomach upset?

A
  • Fruit
  • Vegetables
  • Salads
  • Bread
  • Hot freshly cooked meals
  • Freshly opened canned food
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22
Q

What temperature is the human body most comfortable?

A

21-27 degrees Celcius with a relative humidity of 50%

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23
Q

Heat stress first occurs in environments above what temperature?

A

32 degrees

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24
Q

What effects are caused by heat stress?

A
  • Tiredness

- Difficulty concentrating

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25
Q

How do you define heat exhaustion?

A

The circulatory system cannot compensate for blood vessels that have dilated to increase the flow of heat out of the body via the skin

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26
Q

What is a good antidote for heat stress?

A

Drinking water

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27
Q

What is the second type of heat stress?

A
  • When your body has been exposed to too much sun prior to flight
  • Have not consumed enough liquid
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28
Q

The effects of the second type of heat stress are much more difficult to notice however your symptoms may include:

A
  • Lowered concentration

- Decline in decision-making

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29
Q

What is the third type of heat stress?

A

When the temperature drops below 10 degrees

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30
Q

What happens to your body when the temperature is very low?

A

Your body can lose more heat than it is able to produce

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31
Q

What symptoms are experienced when the temperature is too low?

A
  • Shivering (A heat producer)
  • Drowsiness
  • Poor concentration
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32
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

When your body can no longer maintain core body temperature

33
Q

Symptoms of hypothermia?

A
  • Impairment of thinking
  • Apathy
  • Eventually unconsciousness and death
34
Q

What is the most likely cause of hypothermia?

A

Long immersions in cold water or unprotected exposure to cold environmental temperatures

35
Q

Best ways to deal with extreme temperatures?

A
  • If its hot drink water and keep yourself protected by wear light loose-fitting clothing
  • If it’s cold wear warm clothes, a number of layers of light clothes are much more effective than one large layer because the air between layers is a good insulator
36
Q

When flying in extreme conditions what survival items should you bring?

A
  • Warm: Plastic water bottles of water

- Cold: Warm clothes, matches, and high energy foods

37
Q

Why do we become dehydrated at higher altitudes?

A

Because the air is much drier and a great deal of water can be lost

38
Q

Why do pilots not usually notice they are losing water at altitudes?

A

Because their skin remains dry and they do not experience a sweaty feeling

39
Q

What does dehydration lead to?

A
  • Malfunction of almost every bodily function
  • Emotional disturbances
  • Irrational decision making
40
Q

The solution to dehydration?

A
  • Drink more water

* Not in the text but note to self you want electrolytes too… Think sugar and salt

41
Q

Early symptoms of dehydration?

A
  • Drying of the nasal passage

- Prickly sensation in eyes

42
Q

What humidity are humans most comfortable at?

A

40-60%

43
Q

How long should you wait after blood donation?

A

24 hours

- Giving blood can lead to tiredness and lowering of blood pressure

44
Q

What cancers can smoking give you?

A
  • Lungs
  • Tongue
  • Larynx
  • Osophagus
  • Pancreas
45
Q

What effect does smoking have on heart attack risk?

A
  • Increased by 100%
  • High blood pressure or high cholesterol increase your risk by 200%
  • Contraceptive pill and smoking increase your risk to 1000%
46
Q

What effect does smoking have on stroke risk?

A
  • Increased by 100%
47
Q

What effect does smoking have on Gangrene risk?

A
  • Increased by 500%
48
Q

What effect does the carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke have on the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity?

A

Reduces oxygen-carrying capacity and a smoker is effectively several thousand feet higher than his/ her actual level

Smokers brian suffer oxygen deprivation (Hypoxia) at a lower level

49
Q

What are the initial symptoms of hypoxia?

A
  • Reduced visual sensitivity

- Reduced mental alertness

50
Q

What is the outer ear’s function?

A
  • Collect sound waves

- Direct them to the eardrum

51
Q

What is the eardrum?

A
  • Membrane stretched tightly across the ear canal

- Separates the outer ear from the inner ear

52
Q

What happens to the ear on climb?

A
  • Outside pressure drops
  • Eardrum begins to bulge outward
  • Eustachian tube provides passage to allow air behind the eardrum to leak out into the nasal cavity to equalize the pressure on either side of the eardrum
53
Q

What does the eustachian tube do?

A
  • Provides passage to allow air behind the eardrum to leak out into the nasal cavity to equalize the pressure on either side of the eardrum
  • Or opposite
54
Q

What happens to the ear on the descent?

A
  • Air pressure rises
  • Eardrum bulges inwards
  • Eustachian tube allows air to flow from the nasal cavity to the inside of the eardrum to equalize pressure
55
Q

What happens when the Eustachian tube is blocked by mucus due to colds or flu?

A
  • Air no longer flows freely along the passageway

- Unequal pressure causes the eardrum to stretch, causing severe pain and even rupture

56
Q

Does airflow into or out of the Eustachian tube better?

A

Flows out much easier

57
Q

Does the pressure equalize more easily on climb or descent?

A

Climb

58
Q

What is barotrauma?

A

Pain associated with the pressure differences

59
Q

What is vertigo?

A

Dizziness associated with ear’s balance mechanism

60
Q

What is the Valsalva manouvre?

A
  • Relieves discomfort of unequal pressure during descent
  • Pinch nose and close mouth and blow gently
  • Builds up pressure in the mouth and nasal cavity, this action forces air to enter the eustachian tube to increase pressure in the middle ear cavity
61
Q

What are sinuses?

A
  • Holes in the skull that reduce the weight of bone and provide resonance for the voice
62
Q

What is the inside of each sinus lined with?

A
  • Mucous membrane and is vented through the nasal cavity
63
Q

During a cold or flu, what happens to the sinuses?

A
  • Mucus membrane swells and blocks the ventilating action, this causes a build-up of pressure within the sinus cavity which can be greatly aggravated by changes in outside air pressure
64
Q

What is hay fever?

A
  • Triggered by an allergic reaction to airborne particles

- Causes irritation of nose, sinuses, and eyes causing them to swell, itch, and become runny

65
Q

Hay fever medication can disqualify pilots from flying because of what?

A
  • Antihistamines make you drowsy
66
Q

What does CASR 67.265 specify?

A
  • you must notify CASA or a DAME as soon as possible if you have any condition or injury and then must be cleared to fly again
67
Q

What is the sign of aging; mostly in men?

A
  • Deterioration in hearing especially high frequency
  • Presbyopia
  • Long-sightedness
68
Q

In relation to pregnancy; when is fly operations suggested to stop?

A
  • Around the 6-month mark

- Or when there is a restriction to the full and free operation of controls

69
Q

What causes air sickness?

A
  • Confusing or ambiguous signals arriving at the brain during a flight in turbulence
  • Anxiety and stress increase the likelihood of airsickness
70
Q

Symptoms of air sickness…

A
  • Pale face
  • Sweating
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
71
Q

What can help manage airsickness symptoms?

A
  • Cool fresh air on the face
  • Looking at the horizon
  • Being occupied with other thoughts or tasks
72
Q

How to prevent airsickness for passengers?

A
  • Fly as smoothly as possible

- Limit degree and rate of changes

73
Q

Obesity can lead to….

A
  • Hypertension
  • Gout
  • Diabetes
  • Heart disease
74
Q

On average how much water does your body lose a day?

A
  • About a litre
75
Q

How much water can the body lose on a hot day?

A
  • As much as 5 litres
76
Q

Too much salt leads to…

A
  • Hypertension (High blood pressure)
77
Q

Why shouldn’t you consume green leafy vegetables whilst flying?

A
  • Release gas during digestion

- Can cause pain and discomfort in lower ambient pressure at high altitude

78
Q

What can too little iron lead to?

A

Anemia

ATPL Human Factors (13 decks)

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