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amp fpp > The Human Cell > Flashcards

The Human Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

Modification of cells to perform specific actions

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2
Q

Components of plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
•Cholesterol molecules
•Proteins
•Glycocalyx

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3
Q

Describe the phospholipid molecule in the cell membrane

A

Amphipatic
-Polar heads derived from glycerol conjugated to a nitrogenous compound e.g choline
-Non polar tail consists of two long chain fatty acids

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4
Q

What’s the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid in the bilateral

A

1:1

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5
Q

Function of the cholesterol in the bilayer

A

Help to stabilize and regulate the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer

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6
Q

Components of the nucleus

A

•DNA (making up less than 20% of its mass)
•Protein (nucleoprotein)
•Ribonucleic acid (RNA) –mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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7
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Protein synthesis (along with ribosomes)

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8
Q

How is protein synthesized in the nucleus

A

•The DNA template is copied to form a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) copy (transcription)

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9
Q

What is the RER continuous with

A

The rER is continuous with the outer lipid bilayer of the nuclear membrane

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10
Q

What’s the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

The endoplasmic reticulum consists of an interconnecting network of membranous tubules, vesicles and flattened sacs ramifying throughout the cytoplasm.

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11
Q

What’s attached to the rER

A

Proteins destined for export, lysosomal proteins, and integral membrane proteins are synthesised by ribosomes attached to the surface of the rER .

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12
Q

Function of the sER

A

The principal functions of the sER are lipid biosynthesis and membrane synthesis and repair.

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13
Q

In muscle cells, what’s sER called and what’s it’s function

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Involved in the storage and release of calcium ions

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14
Q

Where are fatty acids and Triglycerides synthesized

A

Cytosol

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15
Q

Where are cholesterol and phospholipids synthesized

A

sER

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16
Q

What’s the fiction of sER in the liver

A

Metabolism of glycogen and detoxification of noxious metabolic byproducts , drugs and alcohol

17
Q

What are the faces of the Golgi apparatus

A

Cis and Trans

18
Q

What’s the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

The Golgi apparatus consists of stacked, saucer-shaped membrane-bound cisternae. The outermost cisternae take the form of a network of tubules known as the cis and trans Golgi networks.l

19
Q

What do lysosomes contain

A

Acid hydrolases eg lipase, glucosidase, ACID PHOSPHATASES, nucleases, endoprotease

20
Q

What do peroxisomes contain

A

Oxidases and Catalases

21
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

involved in the degradation of particulate material ingested by endocytosis.

22
Q

What do oxidase enzymes do

A

Oxidase enzyme leads to the production of H2O2 useful for killing ingested microorganisms.

23
Q

What do catalase enzymes do

A

Catalase enzyme regulates H2O2 concentration and has a protective effect by oxidizing toxic substances such as phenols and alcohol.

24
Q

What happens when the phagosomes don’t bind the lysosomes to create a bacteria

A

Leads to a disease called CHEDIAK HEGASHI SYNDROME

25
Q

What’s the structure of a mitochondria

A

Relatively large, elongated organelles with smooth outer membranes and a convoluted inner membrane system.

26
Q

What’s the site for aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

27
Q

What’s the site for the oxidation of fatty acid to CO2 and water which releases ATP

A

Mitochondria

28
Q

What’s the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Site for the maturation of synthesized proteins

29
Q

Difference in the cell membrane in necrosis and apoptosis

A

Necrosis : Cell membrane is destroyed
Apoptosis : Cell membrane is intact

30
Q

What is hereditary stomatocytosis I’m RBC

A

Marked increase of
intracellular sodium because the cell is unable to
regulate cation homeostasis.

31
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

Mutation in CFTR gene leading to
production of abnormally folded membrane protein
which is degraded by the cell.

32
Q

What is Wilson’s disease

A

Mutation in Wilson disease protein
(ATP7B) gene. Leads to Cu accumulation.

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