The Human Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

Modification of cells to perform specific actions

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2
Q

Components of plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
•Cholesterol molecules
•Proteins
•Glycocalyx

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3
Q

Describe the phospholipid molecule in the cell membrane

A

Amphipatic
-Polar heads derived from glycerol conjugated to a nitrogenous compound e.g choline
-Non polar tail consists of two long chain fatty acids

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4
Q

What’s the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid in the bilateral

A

1:1

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5
Q

Function of the cholesterol in the bilayer

A

Help to stabilize and regulate the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer

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6
Q

Components of the nucleus

A

•DNA (making up less than 20% of its mass)
•Protein (nucleoprotein)
•Ribonucleic acid (RNA) –mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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7
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Protein synthesis (along with ribosomes)

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8
Q

How is protein synthesized in the nucleus

A

•The DNA template is copied to form a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) copy (transcription)

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9
Q

What is the RER continuous with

A

The rER is continuous with the outer lipid bilayer of the nuclear membrane

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10
Q

What’s the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

The endoplasmic reticulum consists of an interconnecting network of membranous tubules, vesicles and flattened sacs ramifying throughout the cytoplasm.

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11
Q

What’s attached to the rER

A

Proteins destined for export, lysosomal proteins, and integral membrane proteins are synthesised by ribosomes attached to the surface of the rER .

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12
Q

Function of the sER

A

The principal functions of the sER are lipid biosynthesis and membrane synthesis and repair.

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13
Q

In muscle cells, what’s sER called and what’s it’s function

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Involved in the storage and release of calcium ions

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14
Q

Where are fatty acids and Triglycerides synthesized

A

Cytosol

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15
Q

Where are cholesterol and phospholipids synthesized

A

sER

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16
Q

What’s the fiction of sER in the liver

A

Metabolism of glycogen and detoxification of noxious metabolic byproducts , drugs and alcohol

17
Q

What are the faces of the Golgi apparatus

A

Cis and Trans

18
Q

What’s the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

The Golgi apparatus consists of stacked, saucer-shaped membrane-bound cisternae. The outermost cisternae take the form of a network of tubules known as the cis and trans Golgi networks.l

19
Q

What do lysosomes contain

A

Acid hydrolases eg lipase, glucosidase, ACID PHOSPHATASES, nucleases, endoprotease

20
Q

What do peroxisomes contain

A

Oxidases and Catalases

21
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

involved in the degradation of particulate material ingested by endocytosis.

22
Q

What do oxidase enzymes do

A

Oxidase enzyme leads to the production of H2O2 useful for killing ingested microorganisms.

23
Q

What do catalase enzymes do

A

Catalase enzyme regulates H2O2 concentration and has a protective effect by oxidizing toxic substances such as phenols and alcohol.

24
Q

What happens when the phagosomes don’t bind the lysosomes to create a bacteria

A

Leads to a disease called CHEDIAK HEGASHI SYNDROME

25
What’s the structure of a mitochondria
Relatively large, elongated organelles with smooth outer membranes and a convoluted inner membrane system.
26
What’s the site for aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
27
What’s the site for the oxidation of fatty acid to CO2 and water which releases ATP
Mitochondria
28
What’s the function of the Golgi apparatus
Site for the maturation of synthesized proteins
29
Difference in the cell membrane in necrosis and apoptosis
Necrosis : Cell membrane is destroyed Apoptosis : Cell membrane is intact
30
What is hereditary stomatocytosis I’m RBC
Marked increase of intracellular sodium because the cell is unable to regulate cation homeostasis.
31
What is cystic fibrosis
Mutation in CFTR gene leading to production of abnormally folded membrane protein which is degraded by the cell.
32
What is Wilson’s disease
Mutation in Wilson disease protein (ATP7B) gene. Leads to Cu accumulation.