The Human Cell

Question 1

What is cell differentiation

Answer 1

Modification of cells to perform specific actions

Question 2

Components of plasma membrane

Answer 2

Phospholipid bilayer
•Cholesterol molecules
•Proteins
•Glycocalyx

Question 3

Describe the phospholipid molecule in the cell membrane

Answer 3

Amphipatic
-Polar heads derived from glycerol conjugated to a nitrogenous compound e.g choline
-Non polar tail consists of two long chain fatty acids

Question 4

What’s the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid in the bilateral

Answer 4

1:1

Question 5

Function of the cholesterol in the bilayer

Answer 5

Help to stabilize and regulate the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer

Question 6

Components of the nucleus

Answer 6

•DNA (making up less than 20% of its mass)
•Protein (nucleoprotein)
•Ribonucleic acid (RNA) –mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Question 7

Function of the nucleus

Answer 7

Protein synthesis (along with ribosomes)

Question 8

How is protein synthesized in the nucleus

Answer 8

•The DNA template is copied to form a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) copy (transcription)

Question 9

What is the RER continuous with

Answer 9

The rER is continuous with the outer lipid bilayer of the nuclear membrane

Question 10

What’s the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

The endoplasmic reticulum consists of an interconnecting network of membranous tubules, vesicles and flattened sacs ramifying throughout the cytoplasm.

Question 11

What’s attached to the rER

Answer 11

Proteins destined for export, lysosomal proteins, and integral membrane proteins are synthesised by ribosomes attached to the surface of the rER .

Question 12

Function of the sER

Answer 12

The principal functions of the sER are lipid biosynthesis and membrane synthesis and repair.

Question 13

In muscle cells, what’s sER called and what’s it’s function

Answer 13

Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Involved in the storage and release of calcium ions

Question 14

Where are fatty acids and Triglycerides synthesized

Answer 14

Cytosol

Question 15

Where are cholesterol and phospholipids synthesized

Answer 15

sER

Question 16

What’s the fiction of sER in the liver

Answer 16

Metabolism of glycogen and detoxification of noxious metabolic byproducts , drugs and alcohol

Question 17

What are the faces of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 17

Cis and Trans

Question 18

What’s the structure of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 18

The Golgi apparatus consists of stacked, saucer-shaped membrane-bound cisternae. The outermost cisternae take the form of a network of tubules known as the cis and trans Golgi networks.l

Question 19

What do lysosomes contain

Answer 19

Acid hydrolases eg lipase, glucosidase, ACID PHOSPHATASES, nucleases, endoprotease

Question 20

What do peroxisomes contain

Answer 20

Oxidases and Catalases

Question 21

Function of lysosomes

Answer 21

involved in the degradation of particulate material ingested by endocytosis.

Question 22

What do oxidase enzymes do

Answer 22

Oxidase enzyme leads to the production of H2O2 useful for killing ingested microorganisms.

Question 23

What do catalase enzymes do

Answer 23

Catalase enzyme regulates H2O2 concentration and has a protective effect by oxidizing toxic substances such as phenols and alcohol.

Question 24

What happens when the phagosomes don’t bind the lysosomes to create a bacteria

Answer 24

Leads to a disease called CHEDIAK HEGASHI SYNDROME

Question 25

What’s the structure of a mitochondria

Answer 25

Relatively large, elongated organelles with smooth outer membranes and a convoluted inner membrane system.

Question 26

What’s the site for aerobic respiration

Answer 26

Mitochondria

Question 27

What’s the site for the oxidation of fatty acid to CO2 and water which releases ATP

Answer 27

Mitochondria

Question 28

What’s the function of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 28

Site for the maturation of synthesized proteins

Question 29

Difference in the cell membrane in necrosis and apoptosis

Answer 29

Necrosis : Cell membrane is destroyed Apoptosis : Cell membrane is intact

Question 30

What is hereditary stomatocytosis I’m RBC

Answer 30

Marked increase of intracellular sodium because the cell is unable to regulate cation homeostasis.

Question 31

What is cystic fibrosis

Answer 31

Mutation in CFTR gene leading to production of abnormally folded membrane protein which is degraded by the cell.

Question 32

What is Wilson’s disease

Answer 32

Mutation in Wilson disease protein (ATP7B) gene. Leads to Cu accumulation.