Intro Flashcards
What is pathology
•Pathology (derived from Pathos-suffering and logos-study) can be defined as the science that deals with the study of disease and the body’s response to disease.
Characteristics of Disease
•Aetiology: the cause of a disease
•Pathogenesis: the mechanism causing the disease
•Pathological and clinical manifestations: the structural and functional features of the disease
•Complications and sequelae: the secondary, systemic or remote consequences of a disease
•Prognosis: the anticipated course of the disease in terms of cure, remission, or fate of the patient
•Epidemiology: the incidence, prevalence and population distribution of a disease
What are Pathogenic Mechanisms
Inflammation
•Degeneration
•Carcinogenesis
•Immune reactions
What are Common structural abnormalities causing ill health.
•Space-occupying lesions (e.g. tumours) destroying, displacing or compressing adjacent healthy tissues
•Deposition of an excessive or abnormal material in an organ (e.g. amyloid)
•Abnormally sited tissue (e.g. tumours, heterotopias) as a result of invasion, metastasis or developmental abnormality
•Loss of healthy tissue from a surface (e.g. ulceration) or from within a solid organ (e.g. infarction)
•Obstruction to normal flow within a tube (e.g. asthma, vascular occlusion)
•Rupture of a hollow viscus (e.g. aneurysm, intestinal perforation).
What are common Functional abnormalities
Excessive secretion of a cell product (e.g. nasal mucus in the common cold, hormones having remote effects)
•Insufficient secretion of a cell product (e.g. insulin lack in diabetes mellitus)
•Impaired nerve conduction
•Impaired contractility of a muscular structure.
What are Iatrogenic diseases
iatrogenic disease is any ill health induced by a medical practitioner’s words or actions
Examples of Iatrogenic disease
Radiation (therapeutic)
•Radiation (diagnostic)
•Blood transfusion and blood products
•Penicillin
•Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
•Chloramphenicol
•Steroid therapy
What are the Services provided in anatomic pathology laboratory
•Surgical pathology or histopathology
•Cytopathology
•Mortuary services
What are the techniques in histopathology
•Light microscopy
•Histochemistry
•Immunohistochemistry
•Fluorescence microscopy
•Electron microscopy
•Flow cytometry
•Tissue culture
What are each sections for light microscopy embedded in
Parafin
How are sections cut and stained for light microscopy
Tissue taken from patients are processed, sections of this are cut and placed on glass slide using microtome and stained with routine Haematoxylin and Eosin stain (H&E)
What are the 4 steps of tissue processing in light microscopy
•dehydration,
•clearing,
•infiltration and
•embedding
How does the tissue stain after H&E stain
Nuclei stain blue (Haematoxylin) while cytoplasm stains-pink (Eosin)
Which organs need special stains for complete examination
liver, kidney and the GIT
Which are the 3 special stains the liver requires for complete examination
•Perl’s Prussian blue stain (to exclude iron deposition),
•Trichome stain (to demonstrate collagen deposition to exclude liver cirrhosis) and
•Reticulin stain (to demonstrate collapse of the lobules as it occurs in hepatitis and Necrotizing lesion in glomerulonephritis).
