Aetio-pathogenesis, Pathophysiological basis of Disease & Clinicopathological Correlation

Question 1

What is a disease

Answer 1

a state characterized by certain alterations in body

Question 2

What are the 3 ways a disease is dynamic

Answer 2

Acute or chronic
Duration is variable
Results in recovery or death

Question 3

What is aetiology divided broadly into

Answer 3

Acquired and inherited

Question 4

What are the classifications of acquired diseases

Answer 4

Dietary
Physical
Chemical
Microbiological agents

Question 5

What is pathophysiology

Answer 5

refers to the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury and the scientific study of such changes.

Question 6

What is pathophysiology

Answer 6

refers to the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury and the scientific study of such changes.

Question 7

Another name for pathophysiology

Answer 7

Physiopathology

Question 8

What are the things pathophysiology study

Answer 8

the alterations, derangements
mechanisms involved in disruption and
how they manifest as symptoms and signs as well as laboratory findings

Question 9

What’s the difference between pathology and pathophysiology

Answer 9

While pathology studies the structural, biochemical and functional changes in cells, tissue and organs in disease states,
Pathophysiology does all with the exclusion of structural changes

Question 10

Define pathogenesis

Answer 10

is defined as the mechanisms that underlie disease from the effect of the aetiological agents to the reactions of the body against them, resulting in manifestation of the disease

Question 11

What are the reasons for variations fr average variables

Answer 11

• Differences in genetic constitution
• Differences lifestyles and environmental exposures
• Intrinsic variation in physiological processes in an individual

Question 12

What are the requirements for cells to maintain normalcy

Answer 12

Oxygen and nutrients to function and survive;
An environment with narrow ranges of temperature, PH, water and salt concentration

Question 13

What are the 4 basic disease processes

Answer 13

Aetiology-cause (inherited, acquired or multifactorial)
Pathogenesis-mechanism of its development
Morphological changes-structural alterations in cells or tissue characteristic or diagnostic of an aetiological process
Functional consequences and clinical manifestations(subclinical & clinical stages)-

Question 14

What is the sub clinical stage manifestation

Answer 14

the early stage during which the patient functions normally (no symptom/sign) even though the disease is already well established.

Question 15

How can abnormality be detected

Answer 15

by laboratory tests-incubation period

Question 16

Why is it that functional impairment only becomes evident after the disease has advanced anatomically.

Answer 16

Because Many organs in the body have large reserve(safety margin) in terms of both structure and function

Question 17

What is a lesion

Answer 17

demonstrable structural change produced in the course of a disease which may be macroscopic or microscopic

Question 18

What are the 2 stages of symptoms and signs

Answer 18

Subjective symptoms (non specific) In early stages of manifestation
Objective symptoms (identifiable) In later stages

Question 19

Are diseases dynamic or static

Answer 19

Dynamic

Question 20

What causes the range of manifestations or natural history that every disease has

Answer 20

compensatory(adaptive) mechanisms come in
 Environmental influences on the patient

Question 21

What are the characteristics of the host that influence disease manifestation

Answer 21

Age
Gender
Past medical history
Immune status

Question 22

What determines the pathogenesis of a disease

Answer 22

The genetic constitution of the patient

Question 23

The Spectrum between heredity and environment in the causation of disease are what

Answer 23

Diseases largely determined by
environmental factors-infections

Those determined largely by genetic errors(hereditary) and are expressed regardless of extrinsic influences-sickle cell disease

In between are those in which there is interplay between genetic and extrinsic factors -cancer

Question 24

What kind of bacterium is H.Pylori

Answer 24

a spiral, microaerophilic, gram negative bacterium.

Question 25

How is H.pylori transmitted

Answer 25

oral- oral and faeco-oral route

Question 26

What’s is H.pylori’s association with gastroduodenal diseases

Answer 26

Gastric cancer : 90%
Gastric lymphoma : 80%
Gastritis : 100%
Duodenal ulcer : 90-95%
Gastric ulcer : 60-80%

Question 27

What’s the natural history or H.pylori

Question 28

What are the risk factors for gastric cancer

Answer 28

-HPV, EBV
-Dietary factors
-familial cancer syndromes–Hereditary
-exposure- coal, tin mining, steel, iron and rubber
-alcohol, cigarette smoking, ionizing radiation