Aetio-pathogenesis, Pathophysiological basis of Disease & Clinicopathological Correlation Flashcards
What is a disease
a state characterized by certain alterations in body
What are the 3 ways a disease is dynamic
Acute or chronic
Duration is variable
Results in recovery or death
What is aetiology divided broadly into
Acquired and inherited
What are the classifications of acquired diseases
Dietary
Physical
Chemical
Microbiological agents
What is pathophysiology
refers to the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury and the scientific study of such changes.
What is pathophysiology
refers to the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury and the scientific study of such changes.
Another name for pathophysiology
Physiopathology
What are the things pathophysiology study
the alterations, derangements
mechanisms involved in disruption and
how they manifest as symptoms and signs as well as laboratory findings
What’s the difference between pathology and pathophysiology
While pathology studies the structural, biochemical and functional changes in cells, tissue and organs in disease states,
Pathophysiology does all with the exclusion of structural changes
Define pathogenesis
is defined as the mechanisms that underlie disease from the effect of the aetiological agents to the reactions of the body against them, resulting in manifestation of the disease
What are the reasons for variations fr average variables
• Differences in genetic constitution
• Differences lifestyles and environmental exposures
• Intrinsic variation in physiological processes in an individual
What are the requirements for cells to maintain normalcy
Oxygen and nutrients to function and survive;
An environment with narrow ranges of temperature, PH, water and salt concentration
What are the 4 basic disease processes
Aetiology-cause (inherited, acquired or multifactorial)
Pathogenesis-mechanism of its development
Morphological changes-structural alterations in cells or tissue characteristic or diagnostic of an aetiological process
Functional consequences and clinical manifestations(subclinical & clinical stages)-
What is the sub clinical stage manifestation
the early stage during which the patient functions normally (no symptom/sign) even though the disease is already well established.
How can abnormality be detected
by laboratory tests-incubation period
Why is it that functional impairment only becomes evident after the disease has advanced anatomically.
Because Many organs in the body have large reserve(safety margin) in terms of both structure and function
What is a lesion
demonstrable structural change produced in the course of a disease which may be macroscopic or microscopic
What are the 2 stages of symptoms and signs
Subjective symptoms (non specific) In early stages of manifestation
Objective symptoms (identifiable) In later stages
Are diseases dynamic or static
Dynamic
What causes the range of manifestations or natural history that every disease has
compensatory(adaptive) mechanisms come in
Environmental influences on the patient
What are the characteristics of the host that influence disease manifestation
Age
Gender
Past medical history
Immune status
What determines the pathogenesis of a disease
The genetic constitution of the patient
The Spectrum between heredity and environment in the causation of disease are what
Diseases largely determined by
environmental factors-infections
Those determined largely by genetic errors(hereditary) and are expressed regardless of extrinsic influences-sickle cell disease
In between are those in which there is interplay between genetic and extrinsic factors -cancer
What kind of bacterium is H.Pylori
a spiral, microaerophilic, gram negative bacterium.
How is H.pylori transmitted
oral- oral and faeco-oral route
What’s is H.pylori’s association with gastroduodenal diseases
Gastric cancer : 90%
Gastric lymphoma : 80%
Gastritis : 100%
Duodenal ulcer : 90-95%
Gastric ulcer : 60-80%
What’s the natural history or H.pylori
What are the risk factors for gastric cancer
-HPV, EBV
-Dietary factors
-familial cancer syndromes–Hereditary
-exposure- coal, tin mining, steel, iron and rubber
-alcohol, cigarette smoking, ionizing radiation
