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ESA2 - Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology > The HPA Axis and Growth Hormone > Flashcards

The HPA Axis and Growth Hormone Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major link between the endocrine and nervous systems?

A

The complex functional unit formed by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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2
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Sits beneath the hypothalamus in a socket of bone called the sella turcica

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3
Q

What are some examples of things regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

Body growht, reproduction, puberty, milk secretion, lactation, thyroid gland function, adrenal gland function, water homeostasis

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4
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis

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5
Q

What is another name for the posterior putuitary gland?

A

Neurohypophysis

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6
Q

What does the anterior pituitary arise from?

A

Evagination of oral ectogerm - Rathke’s puch (primative gut tissue)

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7
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary originate from?

A

Neuroectoderm (primitive brain tissue)

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8
Q

Which part of the pituitary is physically connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Posterior - hypothalamus drops down through the infundibulum to form the posterior pituitary

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9
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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10
Q

What produces oxytocin and ADH?

A

Neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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11
Q

What is the median eminence?

A

The median eminence is a part of the hypothalamus from which regulatory hormones are released.

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12
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

The hypophyseal portal system is a system of blood vessels in the brain that connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary.

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13
Q

How do the hormones produced by nerve cells in the hypothalamus act via two distinct neurocrine pathways?

A

1) Direct effects on distant targets via oxytocin and ADH from posterior pituitary
2) Hormones secreted exclusively into hypophyseal portal system affect endocrine cells within the anterior pituitary

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14
Q

What is oxytocin involved in?

A

Milk let down and uterus contractions during birth

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15
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Regulate body water volume

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16
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Tropic hormones are hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target

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17
Q

What are the 6 tropic hormones produced in the hypothalamus (that have direct effects on the release of anterior pituitary hormones)?

A 
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Prolactin release-inhibiting hormone (PIH) 
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
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18
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A 
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin
Growth hormone
19
Q

Outline how TRH release from the hypothalamus increases metabolic rate

A

1) TRH released from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
2) TSH released from anterior pituitary to thyroid
3) Thyroid hormone released from thyroid
4) Metabolic rate increased

20
Q

Outline how CRH release from the hypothalamus leads to the stress response and metabolic actions

A

1) CRH released from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
2) ACTH released from anterior pituitary to adrenal gland
3) Cortisol released from adrenal gland
4) Stress response, metabolic actions

21
Q

Outline how TRH or PIH release from the hypothalamus affects breast growth and milk secretion

A

If TRH released, prolactin released from anterior pituitary which stimulates breast growth and milk secretion

If PIH released, prolactin inhibited

22
Q

How does GHRH and GHIH affect growth?

A

If GHRH released from hypothalamus, growth hormone released from anterior pituitary which can stimulate IGF released from liver and lead to growth

If GHIH released from hypothalamus, growth hormone inhibited

23
Q

How does GnRH have an effect on sex hormone secretion and gamete production?

A

GnRN released from hypothalamus
LH release from anterior pituitary -> sex hormone secretion from ovaries/testes
FSH release -> gamete production in ovaries/testes

24
Q

What factors affect growth?

A

Genetics, nutrition, hormones (eg growth hormone) and environment

25
Q

What is growth hormone produced by?

A

Anterior pituitary

26
Q

What stimulates growth hormone?

A

GHRH released from hypothalamus

27
Q

What inhibits growth hormone?

A

GHIH (also called somatostatin) released from hypothalamus

28
Q

What type of hormone is growth hormone?

A

Protein (191 aa)

Note - it has a signal peptide that must be cleaved before proper folding

29
Q

What do GH and IGFs do in adults?

A

Maintain muscle and bone mass and promote healing and tissue repair as well as modulating metabolism and body composition

30
Q

What happens to GH secretion during REM sleep?

A

Decreased

31
Q

What happens to GH secretion in exercise?

A

Increases

32
Q

True or False:

A decrease in glucose or fatty acids leads to an increase in GH secretion

A

True

33
Q

What happens to GH secretion during fasting?

A

Increased

34
Q

What happens to GH secretion in obesity?

A

Decreased

35
Q

What mediates the long loop negative feedback of GH secretion?

A

IGFs

36
Q

What mediates the short loop negative feedback of GH secretion?

A

GH itself via stimulation of somatostatin release

37
Q

What does GH deficiency in childhood result in?

A

Pituitary dwarfism

38
Q

What is gigantism often caused by?

A

Pituitary adenoma

39
Q

What does GH excess in childhood lead to?

A

Gigantism

40
Q

What does GH excess in adulthood lead to?

A

Acromegaly (large extremities)

41
Q

How does GH exert its effects on cells?

A

GH receptors activate janus kinases (JAKs)

42
Q

What are the 2 IGFs in mammals?

A

IGF1 - major growth factor in adults

IGF2 - mainly involved in fetal growth

43
Q

IGFs act through IGF receptors to modulate what?

A

Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, protein synthesis rate and lipolysis rate

44
Q

What other hormones also influence growth?

A

Insulin, thyroid hormones, androgens, oestrogens, glucocorticoids

ESA2 - Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology (19 decks)

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